Ornamental fishing in the region of Barcelos, Amazonas: socioeconomic description and scenario of activity in the view of “piabeiros”

Abstract The Negro river basin is considered the largest area of extractive of ornamental fish in Brazil. This area has fundamental importance for the populations from the Amazon. The present study aimed to describe socioeconomic profile of ornamental fishermen known as “piabeiros” in the Municipality of Barcelos, as well as the ornamental fishery, fisheries area, target species, environments, fishing techniques, equipment, capture techniques and main difficulties faced by the current activity. This study was carried out in municipality of Barcelos, through semi - structured interviews, with artisanal ornamental fishermen (N= 89). The main families of ornamental fish caught and traded were: Characidae, Lebiasinidae, Gasteropelecidae, Cichilidae, Anostomidae, Loricaridae, Potamotrygonidae and Gymnotidae. The main catchment areas were igarapés, lakes, flooded fields, beaches, river banks and igapó forest. Rapiché was the most used equipment in the fisheries both by the fishermen of the urban areas (43.81%) and rural (41.89%). Most of the fishermen are associated with the colony of fishermen of Barcelos (Z33). The data showed that the dynamics of ornamental fishing have changed in a short time and directly affected fishermen, in addition to the low age renewal with the participation of younger fishermen, threatening the transmission of ecological knowledge to future generations. As a result, the increase of the problems related to the productive chain and absence of public power to the activity, since ornamental fishing has already been treated as one of the main economic activities more important for the local communities and for the State of Amazonas.

摘要
内格罗河流域（Negro River Basin）被公认为巴西规模最大的观赏鱼野生捕捞产区，其对于亚马孙地区民众具有至关重要的意义。本研究旨在刻画巴塞罗那市（Barcelos）被称为“皮亚贝罗斯（piabeiros）”的观赏鱼捕捞从业者的社会经济概况，同时系统梳理当地观赏渔业的作业范畴、目标物种、栖息生境、捕捞技术、作业装备、捕获手段以及当前产业面临的主要困境。
本研究于巴塞罗那市开展，通过半结构化访谈对89名手工观赏鱼捕捞从业者进行调研。本次研究中捕获并交易的观赏鱼主要隶属于以下分类科属：脂鲤科（Characidae）、鳉脂鲤科（Lebiasinidae）、胸斧鱼科（Gasteropelecidae）、丽鱼科（Cichlidae）、上口脂鲤科（Anostomidae）、甲鲶科（Loricariidae）、淡水魟科（Potamotrygonidae）及裸背电鳗科（Gymnotidae）。
主要捕捞生境涵盖河汊（igarapés）、湖泊、洪泛平原、滩涂、河岸以及洪泛林（igapó forest）。无论城区捕捞从业者（占比43.81%）还是乡村捕捞从业者（占比41.89%），最常用的作业装备均为拉网（Rapiché）。多数捕捞从业者已加入巴塞罗那市捕捞从业者协会（Z33）。
调研数据显示，观赏渔业的运作模式在短时间内发生了显著变革，直接对从业者生计造成冲击；同时年轻从业者占比偏低，生态知识的代际传承面临严峻威胁。此外，产业链相关问题日益凸显，且缺乏针对该产业的公共政策扶持——尽管观赏渔业早已被视作亚马孙州当地社区最为重要的经济支柱产业之一。