Elevated temperatures have sex-specific effects on nuptial gift behavior

Increasing developmental temperatures are well-known to impact fertility, yet their effects on pre-copulatory behaviors, despite having clear fitness consequences, are often overlooked. In many species, male nuptial gift presentation during courtship plays an important role in sex-specific mate choice, fitness, and subsequent co-evolutionary dynamics. However, developmental temperature effects on nuptial gift behaviors and their implications for population fitness remain unknown. Heat-induced changes to male behavior may signal fertility, driving female discrimination, particularly in monandrous systems where exclusively pairing with an infertile male threatens population growth. Additionally, as nuptial gift production is costly, the differential allocation hypothesis suggests males should adjust gift investment based on female fitness. Here, we investigated how elevated developmental temperature affects nuptial gift behavior, mating likelihood, and reproductive output in the monandrou..., , # Elevated temperatures have sex-specific effects on nuptial gift behavior

Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4p0](10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4p0)

## Description of the data and file structure

### Files and variables

#### File: subobscura\_gift\_data.csv

**Description:** 

##### Variables

* Line: Isofemale line
* Female_Temp: Female Temperature Treatment (18°C or 25°C)
* Male_Temp: Male Temperature Treatment (18°C or 25°C)
* Group: Male-Female Temperature Group Pairing (1: male 18°C x female 18°C ; 2: female 18°C x male 25°C; 3: female 25°C x male 18°C; 4: female 25°C x male 25°C)
* No_Gifts_Given: Number of gifts given
* Gift_Given: Whether a gift is given (Yes or No)
* Gift_Accepted: Whether a gift is accepted (Yes or No)
* No_Gifts_Accepted: Number of gifts accepted
* Mate: Whether a pair mated (Yes or No)
* Mat_Lat: Mating latency (min)
* Time: Total observation time (min)
* Cop_Dur: Copulation duration (min)
* Total_Off: Total offspring number produced
* Sterile: Whether an individua...,

日益升高的发育温度对生育能力的影响已广为人知，但其对交配前行为的作用却常被忽视——尽管这些行为具有明确的适合度（fitness）后果。在众多物种中，雄性在求偶过程中呈现的婚赠礼物（nuptial gift）在性别特异性配偶选择、适合度以及后续协同进化动态中发挥着重要作用。然而，发育温度对婚赠礼物行为的影响，及其对种群适合度的意义仍不明确。热胁迫诱导的雄性行为变化可能传递生育能力信号，进而推动雌性的择偶判别，这一点在单雌交配（monandrous）系统中尤为突出——在此类系统中，与不育雄性进行唯一配对会威胁种群增长。此外，由于婚赠礼物的产生存在成本，差异分配假说（differential allocation hypothesis）指出，雄性应依据雌性的适合度调整礼物投入水平。本研究探究了升高的发育温度如何影响单雌交配（monandrous）系统中的婚赠礼物行为、交配成功率与繁殖产出。
# 升温对婚赠礼物行为的性别特异性影响
数据集DOI：[10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4p0](10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4p0)

## 数据与文件结构说明
### 文件与变量
#### 文件：subobscura_gift_data.csv
**描述：**
##### 变量
* Line：等雌品系
* Female_Temp：雌性温度处理组（18℃或25℃）
* Male_Temp：雄性温度处理组（18℃或25℃）
* Group：雌雄温度配对组（1：雄性18℃ × 雌性18℃；2：雌性18℃ × 雄性25℃；3：雌性25℃ × 雄性18℃；4：雌性25℃ × 雄性25℃）
* No_Gifts_Given：赠送礼物的数量
* Gift_Given：是否赠送礼物（是/否）
* Gift_Accepted：是否接受礼物（是/否）
* No_Gifts_Accepted：接受礼物的数量
* Mate：是否成功交配（是/否）
* Mat_Lat：交配潜伏期（分钟）
* Time：总观察时长（分钟）
* Cop_Dur：交配持续时长（分钟）
* Total_Off：总后代数量
* Sterile：个体是否不育……