Informal Survey 2010 - Mali

Abstract
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This research is a survey of unregistered businesses conducted in Mali between May and November 2010, at the same time with Mali 2010 Enterprise Survey. Data from 120 enterprises were analyzed.

Questionnaire topics include general information about a business, infrastructure and services, sales and supplies, crime, sources and access to finance, business-government relationship, assets, AIDS and sickness (for African region), bribery, workforce composition, obstacles to get registration, reasons for not registering, and benefits that an establishment could get from registration. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.

The Informal Surveys aim to accomplish the following objectives:
1) To provide information about the state of the private sector for informal businesses in client countries;
2) To generate information about the reasons of said informality;
3) To collect useful data for the research agenda on informality;
4) To provide information on the level of activity in the informal sector of selected urban centers in each country.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the Informal Surveys is an unregistered establishment. For Mali, informal firms were defined as those not registered as determined by a list of firms supplied by the World Bank.

Universe
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The whole population, or the universe, covered in the survey is the non-agricultural informal economy.

At the beginning of each survey, a screening procedure is conducted in order to identify eligible interviewees. At this point, a full description of all the activities of the business owner or manager is taken; based on its principal activity, a business is then classified in the manufacturing or services stratum using a list of activities developed from previous iterations of the survey. Certain activities are excluded such as strictly illegal activities (e.g., prostitution or drug trafficking) as well as individual activities that are forms of selling labor like domestic servants or windshield washers.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The Informal Surveys are conducted in selected urban centers, which are intended to coincide with the locations for the implementation of the main Enterprise Surveys. The overall number of interviews is pre-determined.

In Mali, Bamako, Mopti, Segou, and Sikasso were identified as urban centers of interest. The sample was confined to the major cities covered and the survey was run in parallel with the enterprise surveys of the formal economy. The target number of interviews will reflect, as far as practical, the individuals' population distribution but with no more than 60% sample from a single city and no city with fewer than 20 interviews in total.

Sampling in the Informal Surveys is conducted within clearly delineated sampling zones, which are geographically determined divisions within each urban center. Sampling zones are defined at the beginning of fieldwork, and are delineated according to the concentration and geographical dispersion of informal business activity. After the sampling sizes are defined for each location every city is divided into several zones that may or may not correspond to the administrative districts.

In Mali, using Google maps or local city maps, the target areas within each city were identified. With input from the local agency applying local knowledge, the starting points were defined. The number of zones was determined by the target sample size for each city divided by the cluster size (4 interviews).

In Bamako, 60 interviews were completed in 15 sampling zones. In Mopti, Segou, and Sikasso, 20 interviews were completed in 5 sample zones in each city.

In order to provide information on diverse aspects of the informal economy, the sample is designed to have equal proportions of services and manufacturing (50:50). These sectors are defined by responses provided by each informal business to a question on the business's main activity included in the screener portion of the questionnaire.

As a general rule, services must constitute an ongoing business enterprise and so exclude the sale of manual labor. Manufacturing activity in the informal sector includes business activity requiring inputs and/or intermediate goods. Thus, for example, the processing of coffee, sugar, oil, dried fruit, or other processed foods is considered manufacturing, while the simple selling of these goods falls under services. If an informal business conducts a mixture of these activities, the business is considered under the manufacturing stratum.

Each sampling zone was designed with the goal of obtaining two interviews in services and two interviews in manufacturing. In order to ensure a degree of geographical dispersion within each sampling zone, two starting points were identified.

Each sampling zone, including its two starting points, were marked using Google maps, with the GPS coordinates of the starting points being systematically recorded.

Additionally, when obtaining a complete interview, the exact address of the informal business (or where the interview took place) was registered by the interviewer. Once in the office, this address was searched in Google maps, and its GPS coordinates were registered in a fieldwork report.

If no address was immediately available, using local knowledge, the GPS coordinates were determined using imaging via Google maps. In order to preserve confidentiality, the exact coordinates of businesses are not published.

Due to issues of non-response, in the process of fieldwork, the implementing contractor was unable to obtain the targeted four interviews in each of the originally delineated sectors.

As a result, replacement sectors were delineated, ex post. Additionally, the implementing contractor noted that in various interviews there were notable shortfalls in response rates to certain questions. For these reasons, additional interviews were authorized. These were distributed according to the discretion of the implementing contractor in Mali, with authorization from the World Bank.

In sum, there were 30 zones in Mali; 15 zones in Bamako, 5 zones each in Mopti, Segou, and Sikasso.

Complete information regarding the sampling methodology can be found in "Description of Mali Informal Survey Implementation" in "Technical Documents" folder.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instrument is available:
- Informal Questionnaire.

The survey topics include general information about a business, infrastructure and services, sales and supplies, crime, sources and access to finance, business-government relationship, assets, AIDS and sickness (for African region), bribery, workforce composition, obstacles to get registration, reasons for not registering, and benefits that an establishment could get from registration.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

摘要
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本研究对马里2010年5月至11月间进行的非注册企业进行了调查，与马里2010年企业调查同时进行。分析了120家企业的数据。
问题调查涵盖了企业的基本信息、基础设施及服务、销售与供应、犯罪、资金来源及获取途径、企业与政府的关系、资产、艾滋病与疾病（针对非洲地区）、贿赂、劳动力构成、登记注册的障碍、未注册的原因以及企业从注册中可能获得的利益。数据收集方式为面对面访谈。
非正规调查旨在实现以下目标：
1) 为客户国的非正规企业提供关于私营部门现状的信息；
2) 收集关于非正规原因的信息；
3) 为非正规性的研究议程收集有用数据；
4) 为每个国家选定城市中心非正规部门的活跃程度提供信息。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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非正规调查的主要抽样单元为非注册企业。对于马里而言，非正规企业是指根据世界银行提供的企业名单未注册的企业。
总体
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调查覆盖的总体，即全部人口，是非农业非正规经济。
在每次调查开始时，进行筛选程序以确定合格的受访者。此时，收集企业主或经理的所有业务活动描述；根据其主要活动，使用从调查的前几轮中开发的业务活动清单，将企业分类为制造业或服务业。
某些活动被排除在外，例如严格非法活动（例如，卖淫或毒品走私）以及个体活动，如家庭佣人或挡风玻璃清洁工。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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非正规调查在选定城市中心进行，旨在与主要企业调查的实施地点相一致。访谈的总数是预先确定的。
在马里，巴马科、莫普提、塞古和锡卡索被确定为感兴趣的城市中心。样本限于主要城市，调查与正规经济的企业调查并行进行。目标访谈人数将尽可能反映个人人口分布，但单个城市的样本不超过60%，且没有城市的访谈人数少于20人。
非正规调查的抽样在明确划定的抽样区内进行，这些抽样区是每个城市中心内的地理确定区域。抽样区在实地工作开始时定义，根据非正规商业活动的集中度和地理分布划界定。
在马里，使用谷歌地图或当地城市地图，确定了每个城市的目标区域。在当地机构的输入和当地知识的帮助下，确定了起点。抽样区数量由每个城市的目标样本大小除以集群大小（4个访谈）确定。
在巴马科，完成了15个抽样区的60次访谈。在莫普提、塞古和锡卡索，每个城市完成了5个抽样区的20次访谈。
为了提供关于非正规经济各个方面的信息，样本设计旨在服务行业和制造业的比例相等（50:50）。这些行业由每个非正规企业对其主要活动的问题的回答来定义，该问题包含在问卷的筛选部分。
作为一般规则，服务必须构成持续的商业企业，因此排除了体力劳动的销售。非正规部门的制造业活动包括需要投入和/或中间产品的商业活动。例如，咖啡、糖、油、干果或其他加工食品的加工被视为制造业，而简单销售这些商品则属于服务。如果非正规企业同时进行这些活动，则该企业被视为属于制造业层次。
每个抽样区都旨在获得两个服务业访谈和两个制造业访谈。为了确保每个抽样区内的地理分散性，确定了两个起点。
每个抽样区及其两个起点都使用谷歌地图标记，并系统地记录了起点的GPS坐标。
此外，在获得完整的访谈后，访谈员记录了非正规企业（或访谈发生地）的确切地址。一旦进入办公室，就在谷歌地图中搜索此地址，并在实地工作报告中记录其GPS坐标。
如果立即没有地址可用，使用当地知识，通过谷歌地图的成像确定GPS坐标。为了保护机密性，不发布企业的确切坐标。
由于非响应问题，在实地工作过程中，实施承包商无法在每个最初划定的领域获得目标的四次访谈。
因此，在事后划定了替代领域。此外，实施承包商指出，在多次访谈中，某些问题的回应率明显不足。出于这些原因，授权了额外的访谈。这些访谈根据马里实施承包商的酌情决定，并经世界银行授权。
总之，马里共有30个区域；巴马科有15个区域，莫普提、塞古和锡卡索各有5个区域。
有关抽样方法的完整信息可以在“技术文件”文件夹中的“马里非正规调查实施描述”中找到。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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当前调查工具如下：
- 非正规问卷。
调查主题包括关于企业的基本信息、基础设施及服务、销售与供应、犯罪、资金来源及获取途径、企业与政府的关系、资产、艾滋病与疾病（针对非洲地区）、贿赂、劳动力构成、登记注册的障碍、未注册的原因以及企业从注册中可能获得的利益。
数据清理操作
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承包商执行数据录入和质量控制，并将数据分批（通常是10%、50%和100%）交付世界银行。这些数据交付将进行检查，以确保逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式和重复条目。问题由世界银行标记，并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重新访问企业进行纠正。