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Remote Sensing and Modeling of Permafrost and Hydrology [2. Reports: 8.0]

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DataONE2015-05-08 更新2024-06-27 收录
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Scientific Personnel V. E. Romanovsky, S. S. Marchenko, R.R. Muskett Partner Organizations:  Alaska Ecoscience, USA Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany Centre d'etudes Nordiques, Department de Geographie, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark Institute of Earth Cryosphere, Russia Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Department of Geography & Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Canada International Arctic Research Center, UAF International Permafrost Association, USA Melinkov Permafrost Institute, Russia Moscow Institute of Geography, Russia Academy of Sciences National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning (SNAP), UAF Stokholm University, Sweden University of Delaware, USA University of New Hampshire, USA Water Environment Research Center, UAF Local Collaborators:  Jorgenson, M.T., Alaska Ecoscience, AK Kholodov, A.L., Geophysical Institute, UAF Daanen, R., Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Kanevskiy M., Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Shur, Y., Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Walsh, J., International Arctic Research Center, UAF Fresco, N., Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Sciences, UAF Rupp, S., Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Sciences, UAF Walter-Anthony, K., Water Environmental Research Center, UAF International Collaborators:  Christensen, J., Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark Comiso, J., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Oceans and Ice Branch, USA Duguay, C. R., University of Waterloo, Canada Frolking, S., Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, USA Georgiadi, A., Moscow Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences Groisman, P., National Climatic Data Center, USA Hachem, S., Université Laval, Québec, Canada Hubberten, H.-W., Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany Harden Jennifer, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA Kattsov, V., Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia Kuhry, P., Stockholm University, Sweden Lawrence, D., National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA Malkova, G., Institute of Earth Cryosphere, Russia Pavlova, T., Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia Rawlins, M., University of New Hampshire, USA Rinke, A., Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany Romanovskii, N., Moscow State University, Russia Saito, K., Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology, Japan Shiklomanov, N., University of Delaware, USA Shiklomanov, A., University of New Hampshire, USA Shkolnik, I.M., Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia Schirrmeister L, Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany Schuur A.G. Edward, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Stendel, M., Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark Wisser, D., Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, USA Zheleznyak, M., Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia Funding:  NSF Grants OPP ARC-0652838 [ARC-0520578 and ARC-0632400] NASA (NNOG6M48G), Alaska EPSCoR (NSF) The State of Alaska Study Sites Permafrost Freshwater Interactions Alaska, Canada, Russia Permafrost Observatories?Thermal state of permafrost in Russia and Central Asia Permafrost Freshwater Interactions Project continues investigations began during the Thermal State of Permafrost (TSP) Project with renewed and expanded collaboration. Our efforts focus and expand on permafrost and hydrology changes through geophysical modeling and remote sensing (satellite geodesy). During TSP in cooperation with above mentioned Russian partners a large number of existing boreholes have been identified for possible measurements (candidate sites). Many of these have metadata files on the IPA coordinated GTN-P website. Additional sites will be added to the web site. New boreholes over the next several years are planned. A total of 320 boreholes, located in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia were considered from the point of view of possibility for continuous geothermal observations (see Figure). Boreholes cover all types of permafrost, from continuous to sporadic, both on the plains and in the mountains. Active (sites where regular observations were carried out recently and are intended to continue in the future), candidate (where equipment for long-term observations can be installed soon), potential (equipment for long-term observation is planned to be installed during the project) and historical (there are some existing data but now these sites are unavailable for observations for different reasons) boreholes were selected. In order to standardize all investigations within the framework of the Project the “Manual for monitoring and reporting temperature data in permafrost boreholes” was developed. It allows better standardized collection, handling and interpretation of obtained data. In the Protocol two types of observation strategies are proposed: Type 1: Long-term high-frequency (hourly to daily) continuous observations in the limited number of key boreholes, which are representative of a given regions (note: these more frequent observations are desirable to depths of 15-20 meters); Type 2: Occasional or periodical measurements in the other available and deeper boreholes (if possible annual or more frequently). As a minimum, and based primarily on cost considerations for the IPY-TSP program, the use of HOBO U12 4-External Channel Data Loggerswith temperature sensors TMC-HD are proposed. At the same time, individual participants can employ other types of loggers and/or thermal cables (chains) with similar sensor characteristics. Research Goals The goal of our research is to obtain a deeper understanding of the temporal (interannual and decadal time scales) and spatial (north to south and west to east) variability and trends in the permafrost temperatures and physical changes (such as talik and the active layer) in the North of Eurasia and Alaska to develop more reliable predictive capabilities for the projection of these changes into the 21st century. We are employing ground datasets from the global permafrost temperature networks, global positioning system sites of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame organization, together with satellite-derived datasets of physical parameters such as land-surface temperature, gravity field changes, river runoff and snow water equivalent to name a few. Our modeling efforts employ the Geophysical Institute Permafrost Models (GIPL) and Geophysical Inverse Potential Field Theory.

### 科研人员 V. E. 罗曼诺夫斯基(V. E. Romanovsky)、S. S. 马尔琴科(S. S. Marchenko)、R.R. 马斯基特(R.R. Muskett) ## 合作机构 美国阿拉斯加生态科学中心(Alaska Ecoscience, USA) 德国阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所(Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany) 加拿大魁北克拉瓦尔大学地理系北方研究中心(Centre d'etudes Nordiques, Department de Geographie, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada) 丹麦气象研究所(Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark) 俄罗斯地球冰冻圈研究所(Institute of Earth Cryosphere, Russia) 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方工程研究所(Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF) 加拿大滑铁卢大学地理与环境管理系气候变化跨学科中心(Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Department of Geography & Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Canada) 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校国际北极研究中心(International Arctic Research Center, UAF) 美国国际冻土协会(International Permafrost Association, USA) 俄罗斯梅利尼科夫多年冻土研究所(Melinkov Permafrost Institute, Russia) 俄罗斯科学院莫斯科地理研究所(Moscow Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences) 美国国家大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA) 美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA) 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校阿拉斯加规划情景网络(Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, SNAP, UAF) 瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学(Stokholm University, Sweden) 美国特拉华大学(University of Delaware, USA) 美国新罕布什尔大学(University of New Hampshire, USA) 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校水环境研究中心(Water Environment Research Center, UAF) ## 本地协作人员 约根森M.T.(Jorgenson, M.T.),阿拉斯加生态科学中心,阿拉斯加州 科洛多夫A.L.(Kholodov, A.L.),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校地球物理研究所 达南R.(Daanen, R.),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方工程研究所 卡涅夫斯基M.(Kanevskiy M.),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方工程研究所 舒尔Y.(Shur, Y.),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方工程研究所 沃尔什J.(Walsh, J.),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校国际北极研究中心 弗雷斯科N.(Fresco, N.),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校自然资源与农学院阿拉斯加规划情景网络 鲁普S.(Rupp, S.),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校自然资源与农学院阿拉斯加规划情景网络 沃尔特-安东尼K.(Walter-Anthony, K.),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校水环境研究中心 ## 国际协作人员 克里斯滕森J.(Christensen, J.),丹麦气象研究所,丹麦 科米索J.(Comiso, J.),美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心海洋与冰川分部 杜盖C.R.(Duguay, C. R.),加拿大滑铁卢大学 弗罗尔金S.(Frolking, S.),美国新罕布什尔大学地球、海洋与空间研究所 乔治亚迪A.(Georgiadi, A.),俄罗斯科学院莫斯科地理研究所 格罗伊斯曼P.(Groisman, P.),美国国家气候数据中心 哈谢姆S.(Hachem, S.),加拿大魁北克拉瓦尔大学 哈伯滕H.-W.(Hubberten, H.-W.),德国波茨坦阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所 哈登珍妮弗(Harden Jennifer),美国地质调查局加利福尼亚州门洛帕克分部 卡佐夫V.(Kattsov, V.),俄罗斯沃伊科夫主地球物理观测台 库里P.(Kuhry, P.),瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学 劳伦斯D.(Lawrence, D.),美国国家大气研究中心 马尔科娃G.(Malkova, G.),俄罗斯地球冰冻圈研究所 帕夫洛娃T.(Pavlova, T.),俄罗斯沃伊科夫主地球物理观测台 罗林斯M.(Rawlins, M.),美国新罕布什尔大学 林克A.(Rinke, A.),德国波茨坦阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所 罗曼诺夫斯基N.(Romanovskii, N.),俄罗斯莫斯科国立大学 斋藤K.(Saito, K.),日本海洋地球科学技术署 希克洛马诺夫N.(Shiklomanov, N.),美国特拉华大学 希克洛马诺夫A.(Shiklomanov, A.),美国新罕布什尔大学 什科尔尼克I.M.(Shkolnik, I.M.),俄罗斯沃伊科夫主地球物理观测台 希尔迈斯特L.(Schirrmeister L),德国波茨坦阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所 舒尔A.G.爱德华(Schuur A.G. Edward),美国佛罗里达州盖恩斯维尔佛罗里达大学 斯坦德尔M.(Stendel, M.),丹麦气象研究所 维瑟D.(Wisser, D.),美国新罕布什尔大学地球、海洋与空间研究所 热列兹尼亚克M.(Zheleznyak, M.),俄罗斯梅利尼科夫多年冻土研究所 ## 资助情况 美国国家科学基金会(NSF)资助项目OPP ARC-0652838 [配套ARC-0520578与ARC-0632400] 美国国家航空航天局(NASA)资助项目(NNOG6M48G)、阿拉斯加EPSCoR项目(由NSF资助) 阿拉斯加州政府 ## 研究站点 多年冻土-淡水相互作用(Permafrost Freshwater Interactions) 阿拉斯加、加拿大、俄罗斯 多年冻土观测站:俄罗斯与中亚地区多年冻土热状态 多年冻土-淡水相互作用项目(Permafrost Freshwater Interactions Project)延续了此前多年冻土热状态(Thermal State of Permafrost, TSP)项目的研究工作,并通过协作升级与拓展进一步推进相关研究。本项目依托地球物理建模与遥感(卫星大地测量)技术,聚焦并拓展多年冻土与水文变化的研究范畴。 在TSP项目执行期间,本团队与前述俄罗斯合作伙伴协作,筛选出大量钻孔(borehole)以开展潜在观测(候选站点)。其中多数钻孔的元数据可在国际冻土协会(International Permafrost Association, IPA)协调的GTN-P网站获取。后续将有更多站点新增至该网站,并计划在未来数年内布设新钻孔。本次研究共筛选出位于俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦与蒙古国的320个钻孔,以评估其开展连续地热观测的可行性(详见附图)。这些钻孔覆盖平原与山地的各类多年冻土,包括连续多年冻土(continuous permafrost)至零星多年冻土(sporadic permafrost)。研究人员选取了四类钻孔:**活跃钻孔**(近期已开展常规观测并计划未来持续观测的站点)、**候选钻孔**(可尽快布设长期观测设备的站点)、**潜在钻孔**(计划在本项目期间布设长期观测设备的站点)以及**历史钻孔**(存有现有观测数据但因各类原因目前无法开展观测的站点)。 为规范项目框架内的所有研究工作,本项目制定了《多年冻土钻孔温度数据监测与报告手册》("Manual for monitoring and reporting temperature data in permafrost boreholes"),以实现观测数据的标准化采集、处理与解译。该手册提出两类观测策略: 1. **类型1**:在代表特定区域的少量关键钻孔中开展长期高频(每小时至每日)连续观测(注:此类高频观测建议覆盖15~20米深度); 2. **类型2**:对其余可用的较深钻孔开展偶尔或定期测量(若条件允许,可每年或更频繁地开展一次)。 基于IPY-TSP项目的成本考量,本项目建议最低配置采用搭载TMC-HD温度传感器的HOBO U12型4通道数据采集器。同时,各参与方也可使用其他具备相似传感器性能的采集器或热敏电缆(链)。 ## 研究目标 本研究的目标是深入理解欧亚大陆北部与阿拉斯加地区多年冻土(permafrost)温度的时间(年际与年代际尺度)、空间(南北与东西方向)变异性与变化趋势,以及多年冻土的物理变化(如融区(talik)与活动层(active layer)),进而构建更可靠的预测模型,以预估21世纪的多年冻土变化。 本研究依托全球多年冻土温度网络的地面数据集、国际地球参考框架(International Terrestrial Reference Frame)组织的全球定位系统站点数据,以及地表温度、重力场变化、河流径流与雪水当量等卫星反演物理参数数据集开展相关工作。本研究的建模工作采用地球物理研究所多年冻土模型(Geophysical Institute Permafrost Models, GIPL)与地球物理反演势场理论(Geophysical Inverse Potential Field Theory)。
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