Monkey troop sizes

This dataset is a synthesis of publicised data on monkey troop sizes. It is important to monitor the biodiversity and prevalence of monkeys as many of them are ICUN redlist endangered species and are particularly affected by climate change and anthropogenic habitat degredation. Monkeys are also commonly found in urban settings and are considerably affected the spreaad of parasites and disease from scavenging. Monkey- human interactions also have potential for the spread of zoonotic diseases further stressing the need for datasets on monkey populations. This dataset synthesised information on 30 monkey species with particular attention given to simians. Data has recorded the average observed troop size in each study as well as the number of troops. If provided, the study also recorded information on the observed numbers of males and females in each monkey troop. The data was searched for using terms such as "monkey", "simian", "troop", "size", and "population". Papers were primarily sorted by relevance. Papers were also searched for using species names of particular monkeys which were not found in the aformentioned terms. References Atmoko, T., Toulec, T., Lhota, S. and Darman, 2024. Population status of proboscis monkeys in Balikpapan Bay and their potential survival challenges in Nusantara, the proposed new capital city of Indonesia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(2), p.107. Bezanson, M., Garber, P.A., Murphy, J.T. and Premo, L.S., 2008. Patterns of subgrouping and spatial affiliation in a community of mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). American Journal of Primatology: Official Journal of the American Society of Primatologists, 70(3), pp.282-293. Boinski, S.U.E., Kauffman, L., Westoll, A., Stickler, C., Cropp, S. and Ehmke, E., 2003. Are vigilance, risk from avian predators and group size consequences of habitat structure? A comparison of three species of squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis, and S. sciureus). Behaviour, 140(11-12), pp.1421-1467. Borries, C., Larney, E., Lu, A., Ossi, K. and Koenig, A., 2008. Costs of group size: lower developmental and reproductive rates in larger groups of leaf monkeys. Behavioral Ecology, 19(6), pp.1186-1191. Easton, J., Chao, N., Mulindahabi, F., Ntare, N., Rugyerinyange, L. and Ndikubwimana, I., 2011. Status and conservation of the only population of the Vulnerable owl-faced monkey Cercopithecus hamlyni in Rwanda. Oryx, 45(3), pp.435-438. Estrada, A., Castellanos, L., Garcia, Y. et al. Survey of the black howler monkey,Alouatta pigra, population at the Mayan site of Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. Primates 43, 51–58 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02629576 Estrada, A., Lluecke, L., Van Belle, S., French, K., Munoz, D., Garcia, Y., Castellanos, L., Mendoza, A., 2002. THE BLACK HOWLER MONKEY (ALOUATTA PIGRA) AND SPIDER MONKEY (ATELES GEOFFROYI) IN THE MAYAN SITE OF YAXCHILÁN, CHIAPAS, MEXICO: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY. Neotropical Primates, 10(2) Fernández, V.A., Kowalewski, M. and Zunino, G.E., 2013. Who is coordinating collective movements in black and gold howler monkeys?. Primates, 54, pp.191-199. Helenbrook, W.D. and Valdez, J.W., 2021. Species distribution and conservation assessment of the black-headed night monkey (Aotus nigriceps): a species of Least Concern that faces widespread anthropogenic threats. Primates, 62(5), pp.817-825. Henzi, S.P., Lycett, J.E. and Piper, S.E., 1997. Fission and troop size in a mountain baboon population. Animal behaviour, 53(3), pp.525-535. Hsu, M.J. and Lin, J.F., 2001. Troop size and structure in free-ranging Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Mt. Longevity, Taiwan. ZOOLOGICAL STUDIES-TAIPEI-, 40(1), pp.49-60. Hoffman, T.S. and O'Riain, M.J., 2012. Monkey management: using spatial ecology to understand the extent and severity of human–baboon conflict in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Ecology and Society, 17(3). Jayapali, U., Perera, P., Cresswell, J. and Dayawansa, N., 2023. Does anthropogenic influence on habitats alter the activity budget and home range size of toque macaques (macaca sinica)? Insight into the human-macaque conflict. Trees, Forests and People, 13, p.100412. Yoshihiro, S., Ohtake, M., Matsubara, H., Zamma, K., Han'ya, G., Tanimura, Y., Kubota, H., Kubo, R., Arakane, T., Hirata, T. and Furukawa, M., 1999. Vertical distribution of wild Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) in the western area of Yakushima Island, Japan: preliminary report. Primates, 40, pp.409-415. Wada, K., 2005. The distribution pattern of rhesus and Assamese monkeys in Nepal. Primates, 46, pp.115-119. Ilham, K., Rizaldi, Nurdin, J. and Tsuji, Y., 2017. Status of urban populations of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Primates, 58, pp.295-305. Mason, B., Piel, A.K., Modrý, D., Petrželková, K.J., Stewart, F.A. and Pafčo, B., 2022. Association of human disturbance and gastrointestinal parasite infection of yellow baboons in western Tanzania. Plos one, 17(1), p.e0262481. Oi, T., 1990. Population organization of wild pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina nemestrina) in West Sumatra. Primates, 31, pp.15-31. Parker, L., Nijman, V. and Nekaris, K.A.I., 2008. When there is no forest left: fragmentation, local extinction, and small population sizes in the Sri Lankan western purple-faced langur. Endangered species research, 5(1), pp.29-36. Patterson, L., Kalle, R. and Downs, C., 2018. Factors affecting presence of vervet monkey troops in a suburban matrix in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning, 169, pp.220-228. Smith, A.C., Kelez, S. and Buchanan-Smith, H.M., 2004. Factors affecting vigilance within wild mixed-species troops of saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and moustached tamarins (S. mystax). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 56, pp.18-25. Stone, A.I., 2007. Ecological risk aversion and foraging behaviors of juvenile squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Ethology, 113(8), pp.782-792. Supriatna, J., Sampurno, B.W., Sarono, S., Suwelo, I.S. and Manullang, B.O., 1986, January. THE SILVER LEAF MONKEYS (PRESBYTIS-AURATUS) ON LOMBOK-ISLAND, INDONESIA-TROOP SIZE, POPULATION-DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION. In American Journal of Primatology (Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 99-99). DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012: WILEY-LISS. Wang, C.L., Wang, X.W., Zhao, H.T., Ren, Y. and Li, B.G., 2016. Population viability analysis of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Dapingyu region of the Qinling Mountains, China. Acta Ecol Sin, 36, pp.7724-7731. Whitten, P.L., 1988. Effects of patch quality and feeding subgroup size on feeding success in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Behaviour, 105(1-2), pp.35-52. Zárate, D.A. and Stevenson, P.R., 2014. Behavioral ecology and interindividual distance of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) in a rainforest fragment in Colombia. The Woolly Monkey: Behavior, Ecology, Systematics, and Captive Research, pp.227-245.

本数据集为公开的猴群（monkey troop）规模相关数据的整合汇编。对猴类的生物多样性与种群分布进行监测具有重要意义：诸多猴类均属于国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）红色名录中的濒危物种，且极易受到气候变化与人为活动导致的栖息地退化的影响。猴类常出没于城市环境，因食腐行为极易感染寄生虫并传播疾病；猴类与人类的互动还可能引发人畜共患病的传播，这进一步凸显了猴类种群数据集的研究必要性。
本数据集整合了30种猴类的相关信息，尤其聚焦于类人猿（simian）类群。每条记录均包含各项研究中观测到的平均猴群规模，以及猴群总数；若研究数据完备，还会记录每个猴群内的雄性与雌性个体数量。
本数据集通过"monkey""simian""troop""size""population"等关键词检索相关文献，首要依据相关性对文献进行排序；此外，还针对前述关键词未覆盖的特定猴类物种名称进行了补充检索。

参考文献：
1. Atmoko, T., Toulec, T., Lhota, S. & Darman. 2024. 印尼拟建新首都努桑塔拉地区巴厘巴板湾长鼻猴的种群现状及潜在生存挑战. 《环境监测与评估》（Environmental Monitoring and Assessment）, 196(2), p.107.
2. Bezanson, M., Garber, P.A., Murphy, J.T. & Premo, L.S. 2008. 鬃毛吼猴（Alouatta palliata）种群的亚群划分与空间关联模式. 《美国灵长类学杂志》（American Journal of Primatology: Official Journal of the American Society of Primatologists）, 70(3), pp.282-293.
3. Boinski, S.U.E., Kauffman, L., Westoll, A., Stickler, C., Cropp, S. & Ehmke, E. 2003. 警戒行为、鸟类捕食风险与群体规模：栖息地结构的影响？三种松鼠猴（红背松鼠猴Saimiri oerstedii、玻利维亚松鼠猴S. boliviensis、松鼠猴S. sciureus）的比较研究. 《行为学》（Behaviour）, 140(11-12), pp.1421-1467.
4. Borries, C., Larney, E., Lu, A., Ossi, K. & Koenig, A. 2008. 群体规模的代价：叶猴大群体的发育与繁殖率更低. 《行为生态学》（Behavioral Ecology）, 19(6), pp.1186-1191.
5. Easton, J., Chao, N., Mulindahabi, F., Ntare, N., Rugyerinyange, L. & Ndikubwimana, I. 2011. 卢旺达仅存的易危物种鸮面猴（Cercopithecus hamlyni）种群现状与保护. 《羚羊》（Oryx）, 45(3), pp.435-438.
6. Estrada, A., Castellanos, L., Garcia, Y. et al. 墨西哥恰帕斯州帕伦克玛雅遗址黑吼猴（Alouatta pigra）种群调查. 《灵长类学杂志》（Primates）, 43, 51–58 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02629576
7. Estrada, A., Lluecke, L., Van Belle, S., French, K., Munoz, D., Garcia, Y., Castellanos, L., Mendoza, A. 2002. 墨西哥恰帕斯州亚斯奇兰玛雅遗址的黑吼猴（Alouatta pigra）与蜘蛛猴（Ateles geoffroyi）：初步调查. 《新热带灵长类》（Neotropical Primates）, 10(2)
8. Fernández, V.A., Kowalewski, M. & Zunino, G.E. 2013. 黑金吼猴群体运动的协调者是谁？. 《灵长类学杂志》（Primates）, 54, pp.191-199.
9. Helenbrook, W.D. & Valdez, J.W. 2021. 黑头夜猴（Aotus nigriceps）的物种分布与保护评估：一种面临广泛人为威胁的无危物种. 《灵长类学杂志》（Primates）, 62(5), pp.817-825.
10. Henzi, S.P., Lycett, J.E. & Piper, S.E. 1997. 山地狒狒种群的分裂与猴群规模. 《动物行为》（Animal behaviour）, 53(3), pp.525-535.
11. Hsu, M.J. & Lin, J.F. 2001. 台湾长寿山自由活动的台湾猕猴（Macaca cyclopis）的猴群规模与结构. 《动物学研究（台北）》（ZOOLOGICAL STUDIES-TAIPEI-）, 40(1), pp.49-60.
12. Hoffman, T.S. & O'Riain, M.J. 2012. 猴类管理：利用空间生态学理解南非开普半岛人类与狒狒冲突的范围与严重程度. 《生态与社会》（Ecology and Society）, 17(3).
13. Jayapali, U., Perera, P., Cresswell, J. & Dayawansa, N. 2023. 生境的人为干扰是否改变了锡兰猕猴（Macaca sinica）的活动预算与家域规模？——对人猴冲突的洞察. 《树木、森林与人类》（Trees, Forests and People）, 13, p.100412.
14. Yoshihiro, S., Ohtake, M., Matsubara, H., Zamma, K., Han'ya, G., Tanimura, Y., Kubota, H., Kubo, R., Arakane, T., Hirata, T. & Furukawa, M. 1999. 日本屋久岛西部野生屋久岛猕猴（Macaca fuscata yakui）的垂直分布：初步报告. 《灵长类学杂志》（Primates）, 40, pp.409-415.
15. Wada, K. 2005. 尼泊尔恒河猴与阿萨姆猴的分布模式. 《灵长类学杂志》（Primates）, 46, pp.115-119.
16. Ilham, K., Rizaldi, Nurdin, J. & Tsuji, Y. 2017. 印尼西苏门答腊长尾猕猴（Macaca fascicularis）的城市种群现状. 《灵长类学杂志》（Primates）, 58, pp.295-305.
17. Mason, B., Piel, A.K., Modrý, D., Petrželková, K.J., Stewart, F.A. & Pafčo, B. 2022. 坦桑尼亚西部人类干扰与黄狒狒胃肠道寄生虫感染的关联. 《公共科学图书馆·综合》（Plos one）, 17(1), p.e0262481.
18. Oi, T. 1990. 西苏门答腊野生豚尾猴（Macaca nemestrina nemestrina）的种群组织. 《灵长类学杂志》（Primates）, 31, pp.15-31.
19. Parker, L., Nijman, V. & Nekaris, K.A.I. 2008. 当森林不复存在：斯里兰卡西部紫脸叶猴的栖息地破碎化、局部灭绝与小种群规模. 《濒危物种研究》（Endangered species research）, 5(1), pp.29-36.
20. Patterson, L., Kalle, R. & Downs, C. 2018. 南非夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省郊区基质中影响黑脸猴群分布的因素. 《景观与城市规划》（Landscape and Urban Planning）, 169, pp.220-228.
21. Smith, A.C., Kelez, S. & Buchanan-Smith, H.M. 2004. 鞍背狨（Saguinus fuscicollis）与髭狨（S. mystax）野生混合猴群内警戒行为的影响因素. 《行为生态学与社会生物学》（Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology）, 56, pp.18-25.
22. Stone, A.I. 2007. 松鼠猴（Saimiri sciureus）幼体的生态风险规避与觅食行为. 《动物行为学》（Ethology）, 113(8), pp.782-792.
23. Supriatna, J., Sampurno, B.W., Sarono, S., Suwelo, I.S. & Manullang, B.O. 1986. 印尼龙目岛的银叶猴（Presbytis auratus）：猴群规模、种群密度与分布. 见：《美国灵长类学杂志》（American Journal of Primatology）, 第11卷第1期, 第99页. 约翰威立父子出版公司, 纽约州纽约市第三大道605号, 10158-0012: WILEY-LISS.
24. Wang, C.L., Wang, X.W., Zhao, H.T., Ren, Y. & Li, B.G. 2016. 中国秦岭大坪峪地区川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellana）的种群生存力分析. 《生态学报》（Acta Ecol Sin）, 36, pp.7724-7731.
25. Whitten, P.L. 1988. 生境斑块质量与摄食亚群规模对黑脸猴（Cercopithecus aethiops）摄食成功率的影响. 《行为学》（Behaviour）, 105(1-2), pp.35-52.
26. Zárate, D.A. & Stevenson, P.R. 2014. 哥伦比亚雨林片段中绒毛猴（Lagothrix lagothricha）的行为生态学与个体间距离. 见：《绒毛猴：行为、生态学、系统学与圈养研究》, pp.227-245.