Formulas of culture media used in this study.

Unit: g/L. Medium 1 to 6 and carbohydrate test media were autoclaved at 115°C for 10 min. Other media were autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. aThe pH was adjusted to 6.6 with KOH. bThe pH was adjusted to 6.6 with the solution, in which the mole ratio of KOH/NaOH was 1∶1. cThe pH was adjusted to 6.6 with HCl. dThe pH was adjusted to 6.6 with NaOH. ePotassium and sodium salts were added to the media to final concentrations of 0.033 M (Medium 4), 0.1 M (Medium 1, 3, 5 and 6) or 0.15 M (KSBHI and KBHI). fD-cellobiose, lactose, D-raffinose, or D-xylose gAfter the base medium was autoclaved, the carbohydrate was added aseptically.