Implicit Association Test (IAT) structure.

BackgroundEvidence is mounting that the biopsychosocial paradigm is more accurate and useful than the biomedical paradigm of care. Habits of thought can hinder the implementation of this knowledge into daily care strategies. To understand and lessen these potential barriers, we asked: 1) What is the relative implicit and explicit attitudes of musculoskeletal surgeons towards the biomedical or biopsychosocial paradigms of medicine? 2) What surgeon factors are associated with these attitudes?MethodsAn online survey-based experiment was distributed to members of the Science of Variation Group (SOVG) with a total of 163 respondents. Implicit bias towards the biomedical or biopsychosocial paradigms was measured using an Implicit Association Test (IAT) designed by our team using open-source software; explicit preferences were measured using ordinal scales.ResultsOn average, surgeons demonstrated a moderate implicit bias towards the biomedical paradigm (d-score: -0.21; Interquartile range [IQR]: -0.56 to 0.19) and a moderate explicit preference towards the biopsychosocial paradigm (mean: 14; standard deviation: 14). A greater implicit bias towards the biomedical paradigm was associated with male surgeons (d-score: -0.30; IQR: -0.57 to 0.14; P = 0.005). A greater explicit preference towards the biomedical paradigm was independently associated with a European practice location (Regression coefficient: -9.1; 95% CI: -14 to -4.4; P P ConclusionsThe observation that surgeons have an implicit bias favoring the biomedical paradigm might inform strategies for implementation of care strategies based on evidence favoring the biopsychosocial paradigm.