Emerging soil heatwaves by the end of the 21st Century

This dataset contains the yearly metrics of soil heatwaves (SHWs) that are calculated based on daily soil temperature at different soil depths based on the reanalysis dataset (i.e., ERA5) and multi-model CMIP6 simulations under histroical+SSP2-4.5 and historical+SSP5-8.5 scenarios by the end of the 21st centuray. SHW in a soil layer is defined as the period in which daily soil temperature in same layer exceeds the local and seasonally-varying 90th percentile threshold, following a similar definition for atmosphric heatwaves and marine heatwaves. The detection of SHWs and their metric (such as frequency, intensity, duration, etc.) are conducted by ‘marineHeatwaves.py’ (Hobday et al., 2016). The SHW metrics provided in this dataset include (but not limited to ): 'years_start' Start year blocks (inclusive)'years_end' End year of blocks (inclusive)'years_centre' Decimal year at centre of blocks'count' Total SHW count in each block'duration' Average SHW duration in each block [days]'duration_max' Maximum SHW duration in each block [days]'intensity_max' Average SHW "maximum (peak) intensity" in each block [deg. C]'intensity_max_max' Maximum SHW "maximum (peak) intensity" in each block [deg. C]'intensity_mean' Average SHW "mean intensity" in each block [deg. C]'intensity_var' Average SHW "intensity variability" in each block [deg. C]'intensity_cumulative' Average SHW "cumulative intensity" in each block [deg. C x days]'rate_onset' Average SHW onset rate in each block [deg. C / days]'rate_decline' Average SHW decline rate in each block [deg. C / days]'total_days' Total number of SHW days in each block [days]'total_icum' Total cumulative intensity over all SHWs in each block [deg. C x days]'intensity_max_relThresh', 'intensity_mean_relThresh', 'intensity_var_relThresh', and 'intensity_cumulative_relThresh' are as above except relative to the threshold (e.g., 90th percentile) rather than the seasonal climatology'intensity_max_abs', 'intensity_mean_abs', 'intensity_var_abs', and'intensity_cumulative_abs' are as above except as absolute magnitudes rather than relative to the seasonal climatology or threshold The dataset was produced by Dr. Ming Luo (luom38[at]mail.sysu.edu.cn or luo.ming[at]hotmail.com), with help from authors in the paper titled "Permanent soil heatwaves by the end of the 21st Century": Ming Luo#*, Lijie Lin#, Scott Jones, Zhen Liu, Sijia Wu, Xiaoyu Wang, Gabriel Ngar-Cheung Lau, Tao Pei*, Wei Zhang*, 2025. Permanent soil heatwaves by the end of the 21st Century. PNAS (submitted for publication).本数据集包含土壤热浪（soil heatwaves, SHWs）的年度统计指标，其计算基于不同土壤深度的逐日土壤温度，数据来源为再分析数据集（即ERA5），以及21世纪末历史情景+SSP2-4.5、历史情景+SSP5-8.5路径下的多模式CMIP6模拟结果。 某一土层中的土壤热浪被定义为：该土层逐日土壤温度超过局地季节变化的90th百分位阈值的时段，其定义参考了大气热浪与海洋热浪的相关标准。 土壤热浪的识别及其各项统计指标（如发生频次、强度、持续时长等）均通过'marineHeatwaves.py'工具完成（Hobday等，2016）。 本数据集包含的土壤热浪统计指标包括但不限于： 'years_start'：起始年份块（含边界） 'years_end'：终止年份块（含边界） 'years_centre'：年份块中心的十进制年份 'count'：每个年份块内的土壤热浪总发生次数 'duration'：每个年份块内土壤热浪的平均持续时长 [天] 'duration_max'：每个年份块内土壤热浪的最长持续时长 [天] 'intensity_max'：每个年份块内土壤热浪“最大（峰值）强度”的平均值 [℃] 'intensity_max_max'：每个年份块内土壤热浪“最大（峰值）强度”的最大值 [℃] 'intensity_mean'：每个年份块内土壤热浪“平均强度”的平均值 [℃] 'intensity_var'：每个年份块内土壤热浪“强度变异度”的平均值 [℃] 'intensity_cumulative'：每个年份块内土壤热浪“累计强度”的平均值 [℃·天] 'rate_onset'：每个年份块内土壤热浪的平均升温速率 [℃/天] 'rate_decline'：每个年份块内土壤热浪的平均降温速率 [℃/天] 'total_days'：每个年份块内土壤热浪的总天数 [天] 'total_icum'：每个年份块内所有土壤热浪的总累计强度 [℃·天] 'intensity_max_relThresh'、'intensity_mean_relThresh'、'intensity_var_relThresh'及'intensity_cumulative_relThresh'与上述指标定义一致，但其强度基准为百分位阈值（如90th百分位）而非季节气候态。 'intensity_max_abs'、'intensity_mean_abs'、'intensity_var_abs'及'intensity_cumulative_abs'与上述指标定义一致，但其强度为绝对数值而非相对于季节气候态或阈值的相对值。 本数据集由罗明博士（邮箱：luom38[at]mail.sysu.edu.cn 或 luo.ming[at]hotmail.com）制作，得到了题为《21世纪末永久性土壤热浪》的论文作者团队协助： Ming Luo#*, Lijie Lin#, Scott Jones, Zhen Liu, Sijia Wu, Xiaoyu Wang, Gabriel Ngar-Cheung Lau, Tao Pei*, Wei Zhang*, 2025. 《21世纪末永久性土壤热浪》. 《美国国家科学院院刊》（PNAS，已投稿待发表）。