Data from: Anchored hybrid enrichment provides new insights into the phylogeny and evolution of longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae)

Cerambycidae is a species-rich family of mostly wood-feeding (xylophagous) beetles containing nearly 35 000 known species. The higher-level phylogeny of Cerambycidae has never been robustly reconstructed using molecular phylogenetic data or a comprehensive sample of higher taxa, and its internal relationships and evolutionary history remain the subjects of ongoing debate. We reconstructed the higher-level phylogeny of Cerambycidae using phylogenomic data from 522 single copy nuclear genes, generated via anchored hybrid enrichment. Our taxon sample (31 Chrysomeloidea, four outgroup taxa: two Curculionoidea and two Cucujoidea) included exemplars of all families and 23 of 30 subfamilies of Chrysomeloidea (18 of 19 non-chrysomelid Chrysomeloidea), with a focus on the large family Cerambycidae. Our results reveal a monophyletic Cerambycidae s.s. in all but one analysis, and a polyphyletic Cerambycidae s.l. When monophyletic, Cerambycidae s.s. was sister to the family Disteniidae. Relationships among the subfamilies of Cerambycidae s.s. were also recovered with strong statistical support except for Cerambycinae being made paraphyletic by Dorcasomus Audinet-Serville (Dorcasominae) in the nucleotide (but not amino acid) trees. Most other chrysomeloid families represented by more than one terminal taxon – Chrysomelidae, Disteniidae, Vesperidae and Orsodacnidae – were monophyletic, but Megalopodidae was rendered paraphyletic by Cheloderus Gray (Oxypeltidae). Our study corroborates some relationships within Chrysomeloidea that were previously inferred from morphological data, while also reporting several novel relationships. The present work thus provides a robust framework for future, more deeply taxon-sampled, phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of the families and subfamilies of Cerambycidae s.l. and other Chrysomeloidea.

天牛科（Cerambycidae）是一个物种极为丰富的甲虫类群，绝大多数类群为蛀木性（xylophagous）植食性甲虫，目前已知物种近35000个。此前，学界从未利用分子系统发育数据或全面的高级分类群取样，对天牛科的高级阶元系统发育进行稳健重建，其内部亲缘关系与演化历史始终是学界持续争论的议题。本研究通过锚定杂交富集（anchored hybrid enrichment）技术获取了522个单拷贝核基因的系统组学数据，以此重建了天牛科的高级阶元系统发育。本研究的类群取样涵盖31个叶甲总科（Chrysomeloidea）类群与4个外类群（2个象甲总科Curculionoidea和2个露尾甲总科Cucujoidea），包含叶甲总科所有科的代表类群，以及30个亚科中的23个（19个非叶甲科的叶甲总科类群中的18个），研究重点聚焦于大型类群天牛科。研究结果显示，除1项分析外，其余所有分析均支持单系的狭义天牛科（Cerambycidae s.s.），而广义天牛科（Cerambycidae s.l.）则为复系类群。当狭义天牛科为单系类群时，其与脊天牛科（Disteniidae）互为姊妹群。除核苷酸系统发育树（而非氨基酸系统发育树）中Dorcasomus Audinet-Serville（虎天牛亚科Dorcasominae）使天牛亚科（Cerambycinae）成为并系类群外，狭义天牛科各亚科间的亲缘关系均得到了较强的统计支持。其余多数包含多个末端类群的叶甲总科类群——叶甲科（Chrysomelidae）、脊天牛科（Disteniidae）、夜牛科（Vesperidae）与寡节甲科（Orsodacnidae）——均为单系类群，但大蕈甲科（Megalopodidae）被Cheloderus Gray（尖胸甲科Oxypeltidae）渲染为并系类群。本研究验证了部分此前基于形态学数据推断的叶甲总科内部亲缘关系，同时报道了若干全新的亲缘关系。综上，本研究为未来针对广义天牛科及其他叶甲总科类群的科与亚科层面、且类群取样更为深入的系统发育与演化研究提供了稳健的研究框架。