Table 1_Renewable energy deployment: assessing benefits and challenges for ecosystem services.docx

Renewable energy systems (RES) are essential for combating climate change and achieving sustainable development. However, their deployment presents both ecological and socio-economic challenges. This review examines the impacts of renewable energy technologies on ecosystem services, focusing on the environmental footprints of solar PV, concentrating solar power, wind, hydropower, and biomass systems. It explores the socio-economic benefits, such as job creation and improved public health, and emphasizes the importance of effective policy frameworks in facilitating renewable energy adoption. Additionally, the need for integrating ecological considerations into energy planning to mitigate negative impacts is highlighted. Despite the clear benefits, research gaps persist, particularly in understanding the interactions between RES and ecosystem services. Future studies should prioritize comprehensive data collection, long-term monitoring, and adaptive management strategies. Addressing these critical knowledge voids is pivotal for optimizing the trade-offs between energy security and ecological integrity, offering a foundation for evidence-based policy formulation. By addressing these gaps, stakeholders can develop more sustainable energy practices that balance ecological integrity and community wellbeing, contributing to a sustainable and equitable energy future.