A comprehensive overview of genotoxicity and mutagenicity associated with outdoor air pollution exposure in Brazil

This review examined the mutagenicity and genotoxicity associated with exposure to outdoor air pollutants in Brazil. A search was performed on the Web of Science database using a combination of keywords that resulted in 134 articles. After applying exclusion criteria, a total of 75 articles were obtained. The articles were classified into three categories: (1) studies with plants and animals, (2) <i>in vitro</i> studies, and (3) human biomonitoring. The investigations were conducted in 11 of 27 Brazilian states with the highest prevalence in the southeast and south regions. Only 5 investigations focused on the effects of burning biomass on the quality of outdoor air. Plants, especially <i>Tradescantia pallida</i>, were the main air pollution biomonitoring tool. When available, a significant association between levels of air pollutants and genetic damage was described. Among the <i>in vitro</i> studies, <i>Salmonella</i>/microsome is the most used test to evaluate mutagenesis of outdoor air in Brazil (<i>n</i> = 26). Human biomonitoring studies were the least frequent category (<i>n</i> = 18). Most of the investigations utilized micronucleus bioassay, in oral mucosa cells (<i>n</i> = 15) and lymphocytes (<i>n</i> = 5), and the comet assay (<i>n</i> = 6). The analysis in this study points to the existence of gaps in genotoxicity studies and our findings indicate that future studies need to address the variety of potential sources of pollution existing in Brazil. In addition to extent of the impacts, consideration should be given to the enormous Brazilian biodiversity, as well as the determination of the role of socioeconomic inequality of the population in the observed outcomes.