CRCM5-CMIP6 : A dynamically-downscaled ensemble of CMIP6 simulations.

CRCM-CMIP Data reference Paquin, D., C. McCray, C. B. Gauthier, M. Giguère, O. Asselin, P .Bourgault, M.-P. Labonté and D. Matte. The CRCM5-CMIP6 Ouranos’ ensemble : A dynamically-downscaled ensemble of CMIP6 simulations over North America. Published in Scientific Data https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06289-7. Ouranos : Canadian Regional Climate Model – version 5 Martynov et al. 2013, Separovic et al. 2013 Based on GEM 3.3.3.1 Configuration NAM-11 CORDEX North American domain at 0.11° 695x668 grid points including a 20-point sponge (and halo) zone surrounding the domain, 5-minute time steps, xlat1=28.525 xlon2=145.955. 56 vertical levels and a top at 10 hPa. 17 surface levels and a bottom at 15 m. Spectral Nudging A spectral nudging is applied to the horizontal wind component with a half-response wavelength of 1177km and a relaxation time of 13.34 h. The nudging strength is set to zero from the surface to a height of 500 hPa and increases linearly onward to the top of the model’s simulated atmosphere (10 hPa). Parameterization Atmosphere Precipitation: modified Sundqvist (1998); precipitation partition Bourgouin (2000) ; Implicit vertical diffusion. Shallow convection: Kuo (1965) transient shallow, Non‐cloudy boundary layer formulation. Deep convection: Kain-Fritsch (1990); Radiation: Li & Barker (2005) Surface CLASS3.5c (Verseghy, 1993) Lake model: FLake Ocean Prescribed SST & sea ice fraction Aerosol Prescribed Data Access Due to its large size, the full dataset can't yet be shared publicly. A subset of the variables are stored on Ouranos' THREDDS server. - Annual files : https://pavics.ouranos.ca/twitcher/ows/proxy/thredds/catalog/birdhouse/disk2/ouranos/CORDEX/catalog.html- Aggregated datasets : https://pavics.ouranos.ca/twitcher/ows/proxy/thredds/catalog/datasets/simulations/RCM-CMIP6/catalog.html Other variables can be provided upon request by writing to [e-mail]. All data are available through a CC-BY 4.0 license. Acknowlegments Developed by the ESCER Centre at UQAM (Université du Québec à Montréal) with the collaboration of Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). CRCM5; Martynov et al. 2013, Separovic et al. 2013 The CRCM5 data has been generated and supplied by Ouranos. CRCM5 computations were made on the supercomputers beluga and narval managed by Calcul Québec and the Digital Research Alliance of Canada. The operation of this supercomputer received financial support from Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and the Ministère de l’Économie et de l’Innovation du Québec. Some references for CRCM5 Asselin, M. Leduc, D. Paquin, K. Winger, A. Di Luca, M. Bukovsky, B. Music, and M. Giguère (2022). On the Intercontinental Transferability of Regional Climate Model Response to Severe Forestation. MDPI's Climate https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10100138 Bresson, E., R. Laprise, D. Paquin, J. M. Thériault, R. de Elia, 2017: Evaluating CRCM5 ability to simulate mixed precipitation. Atmosphere-Ocean. 55(2); 79-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2017.1310084 Leduc, M., A. Mailhot, A. Frigon, J.-L. Martel, R. Ludwig, G.B. Brietzke, M. Giguère, F. Brissette, R. Turcotte, M. Braun, (2019) ClimEx project: a 50-member ensemble of climate change projections at 12-km resolution over Europe and northeastern North America with the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5). Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0021.1 Martynov A, R Laprise, L Sushama, K Winger, L Separovic, B Dugas. 2013. Reanalysis-driven climate simulation over CORDEX North America domain using the Canadian Regional Climate Model, version 5: model performance evaluation. Clim Dyn 41:2973-3005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1778-9 Martynov A, L Sushama, R Laprise, K Winger, B Dugas. 2012. Interactive lakes in the Canadian regional climate model version 5: the role of lakes in the regional climate of North America. Tellus A 64, 016226. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.16226. Martynov A, L Sushama, R Laprise. 2010. Simulation of temperate freezing lakes by one-dimensional lake models: performance assessment for interactive coupling with regional climate models. Boreal Env Res 15:143-164. Matte, D., Thériault, J. M., & Laprise, R. (2019). Mixed precipitation occurrences over southern Québec, Canada, under warmer climate conditions using a regional climate model. Climate Dynamics, 53(1), 1125–1141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4231-2 McCray, C. D., D. Paquin, J. M. Thériault, É. Bresson (2022). A multi-algorithm analysis of projected changes to freezing rain over North America in an ensemble of regional climate model simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research -Atmospheres https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022JD036935 McCray, D. C., J. M. Thériault, D. Paquin, É. Bresson, 2022. Quantifying the impact of precipitation-type algorithm selection on the representation of freezing rain in an ensemble of regional climate model simulations. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/aop/JAMC-D-21-0202.1/JAMC-D-21-0202.1.xml McCray, C.D., G. Schmidt, D. Paquin, M. Leduc, Z. Bi, M. Radiyat, C. Silverman, M. Spitz, B. Brettschneider (2023). Changing Nature of High-Impact Snowfall Events in Eastern North America. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038804 Mironov D, E Heise, E Kourzeneva, B Ritter, N Schneider, A Terzhevik. 2010. Implementation of the lake parameterisation scheme FLake into the numerical weather prediction model COSMO. Boreal Env Res 15:218-230. Mittermeier, M., E. Bresson, D. Paquin, R. Ludwig, 2021 A deep learning approach for the identification of long-duration mixed precipitation in Montréal (Canada). Atmosphere-Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2021.1992341 Riette S, D Caya. 2002. Sensitivity of short simulations to the various parameters in the new CRCM spectral nudging. – In: RITCHIE, H. (Ed.): Research activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modeling, WMO/TD No. 1105, Report No. 32: 7.39–7.40. Pérez Bello, A., A. Mailhot and D. Paquin, 2021 The response of daily and sub-daily extreme precipitations to changes in surface and dew point temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034972 Pérez Bello, A., A. Mailhot, D. Paquin and D. Paquin-Ricard (2022). Temperature-precipitation scaling rates: a rainfall event-based perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022JD037873 Separovic L, A Alexandru, R Laprise, A Martynov, L Sushama, K Winger, K Tete, M Valin. 2013. Present climate and climate change over North America as simulated by the fifth-generation Canadian regional climate model. Clim Dyn 41:3167-3201. DOI 10.1007/s00382-013-1737-5. St-Pierre, M., J. Thériault and D. Paquin, 2019. Influence of the model spatial resolution on atmospheric conditions leading to freezing rain in regional climate simulations. Atmosphere-Ocean, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2019.1583088.## CRCM-CMIP数据集 ### 数据引用 Paquin, D.、C. McCray、C. B. Gauthier、M. Giguère、O. Asselin、P. Bourgault、M.-P. Labonté与D. Matte。《CRCM5-CMIP6 Ouranos集合：北美区域CMIP6模拟的动力降尺度集合》，发表于*Scientific Data*，https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06289-7。 ### 模型基础 Ouranos：加拿大区域气候模型第5版，相关引用见Martynov等（2013）与Separovic等（2013），基于GEM 3.3.3.1构建。 ### 模式配置 采用0.11°分辨率的区域气候降尺度试验（CORDEX）NAM-11北美计算域，网格点数为695×668，包含环绕计算域的20点海绵（及晕圈）区域；时间步长为5分钟，xlat1=28.525，xlon2=145.955。垂直方向共56层，模式顶高为10 hPa；地表层共17层，模式底高为15 m。 ### 谱逼近（Spectral Nudging） 对水平风分量施加谱逼近，半响应波长为1177 km，松弛时间为13.34小时。逼近强度从地表至500 hPa高度设为0，并随高度线性增加至模式模拟大气顶（10 hPa）。 ### 参数化方案 #### 大气模块 降水方案采用改进的Sundqvist（1998）方案；降水分型采用Bourgouin（2000）方案；采用隐式垂直扩散方案。浅对流采用Kuo（1965）瞬变浅对流方案，搭配非云边界层参数化方案。深对流采用Kain-Fritsch（1990）方案；辐射方案采用Li与Barker（2005）方案。 #### 地表模块 采用CLASS3.5c参数化方案（Verseghy, 1993）。 #### 湖泊模式 采用FLake湖泊模式（FLake）。 #### 海洋模块 预设海表温度（Sea Surface Temperature, SST）与海冰覆盖率。 #### 气溶胶模块 采用预设气溶胶方案。 ### 数据获取 由于数据集体量较大，目前无法公开分享完整数据集。部分变量存储于Ouranos的THREDDS服务器（THREDDS）： - 年度文件：https://pavics.ouranos.ca/twitcher/ows/proxy/thredds/catalog/birdhouse/disk2/ouranos/CORDEX/catalog.html - 聚合数据集：https://pavics.ouranos.ca/twitcher/ows/proxy/thredds/catalog/datasets/simulations/RCM-CMIP6/catalog.html 其余变量可通过发送邮件至[e-mail]申请获取。所有数据采用CC-BY 4.0许可协议发布。 ### 致谢 本数据集由魁北克大学蒙特利尔分校（Université du Québec à Montréal, UQAM）的ESCER中心开发，加拿大环境与气候变化部（Environment and Climate Change Canada, ECCC）协作完成。CRCM5相关背景引用见Martynov等（2013）与Separovic等（2013）。CRCM5数据由Ouranos生成并提供。 CRCM5的计算运行于由魁北克计算公司（Calcul Québec）与加拿大数字研究联盟（Digital Research Alliance of Canada）管理的超级计算机Beluga与Narval上，该超级计算机的运维获得了加拿大创新、科学与经济发展部以及魁北克经济与创新部的资金支持。 ### CRCM5相关参考文献 1. Asselin, M. Leduc, D. Paquin, K. Winger, A. Di Luca, M. Bukovsky, B. Music, 与M. Giguère（2022）。《区域气候模式对大规模造林的洲际响应可转移性研究》，MDPI期刊*Climate*，https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10100138 2. Bresson, E.、R. Laprise、D. Paquin、J. M. Thériault、R. de Elia（2017）。《评估CRCM5模拟混合型降水的能力》，*Atmosphere-Ocean*，55(2)：79-93。http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2017.1310084 3. Leduc, M.、A. Mailhot、A. Frigon、J.-L. Martel、R. Ludwig、G.B. Brietzke、M. Giguère、F. Brissette、R. Turcotte、M. Braun（2019）。《ClimEx项目：采用加拿大区域气候模型（CRCM5）在欧洲与北美东北部以12 km分辨率构建的50成员气候变化投影集合》，*Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology*，https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0021.1 4. Martynov A、R Laprise、L Sushama、K Winger、L Separovic、B Dugas（2013）。《基于再分析数据驱动的CORDEX北美区域加拿大区域气候模型第5版模拟：模式性能评估》，*Clim Dyn* 41:2973-3005。https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1778-9 5. Martynov A、L Sushama、R Laprise、K Winger、B Dugas（2012）。《加拿大区域气候模型第5版中的交互式湖泊：湖泊在北美区域气候中的作用》，*Tellus A* 64, 016226。https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.16226 6. Martynov A、L Sushama、R Laprise（2010）。《一维湖泊模型模拟温带结冰湖泊的性能评估：用于与区域气候模型交互式耦合》，*Boreal Env Res* 15:143-164 7. Matte, D.、Thériault, J. M. 与Laprise, R.（2019）。《基于区域气候模型的暖化气候下加拿大魁北克南部混合型降水发生情况》，*Climate Dynamics* 53(1)：1125–1141。https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4231-2 8. McCray, C. D.、D. Paquin、J. M. Thériault、É. Bresson（2022）。《区域气候模式集合模拟中北美冻雨未来变化的多算法分析》，*Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres*，https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022JD036935 9. McCray, D. C.、J. M. Thériault、D. Paquin、É. Bresson（2022）。《量化降水类型算法选择对区域气候模式集合模拟中冻雨表征的影响》，*Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology*，https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/aop/JAMC-D-21-0202.1/JAMC-D-21-0202.1.xml 10. McCray, C.D.、G. Schmidt、D. Paquin、M. Leduc、Z. Bi、M. Radiyat、C. Silverman、M. Spitz、B. Brettschneider（2023）。《北美东部高影响降雪事件的性质变化》，*Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres*，https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038804 11. Mironov D、E Heise、E Kourzeneva、B Ritter、N Schneider、A Terzhevik（2010）。《FLake湖泊参数化方案在COSMO数值天气预报模式中的实现》，*Boreal Env Res* 15:218-230 12. Mittermeier, M.、E. Bresson、D. Paquin、R. Ludwig（2021）。《基于深度学习识别蒙特利尔（加拿大）长持续混合型降水的方法》，*Atmosphere-Ocean*，https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2021.1992341 13. Riette S、D Caya（2002）。《短期模拟对新版CRCM谱逼近各项参数的敏感性》，收录于：RITCHIE, H.（编辑）：*Research activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modeling*，WMO/TD No. 1105，报告No. 32：7.39–7.40 14. Pérez Bello, A.、A. Mailhot与D. Paquin（2021）。《日尺度和亚日尺度极端降水对地表与露点温度变化的响应》，*Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres*，http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034972 15. Pérez Bello, A.、A. Mailhot、D. Paquin与D. Paquin-Ricard（2022）。《温度-降水缩放率：基于降雨事件的视角》，*Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres*，https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022JD037873 16. Separovic L、A Alexandru、R Laprise、A Martynov、L Sushama、K Winger、K Tete、M Valin（2013）。《第五代加拿大区域气候模型模拟的北美当前气候与气候变化》，*Clim Dyn* 41:3167-3201。DOI 10.1007/s00382-013-1737-5 17. St-Pierre, M.、J. Thériault与D. Paquin（2019）。《模式空间分辨率对区域气候模拟中冻雨形成大气条件的影响》，*Atmosphere-Ocean*，https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2019.1583088。