Replication Data for: "Revolutionary Homophobia: Explaining State Repression of Sexual Minorities"

Why do unthreatening social groups become targets of state repression? Repression of LGBT people is especially puzzling since sexual minorities, unlike many ethnic minorities, pose no credible violent challenge to the state. This article contends that revolutionary governments are disproportionately oppressive toward sexual minorities for strategic and ideological reasons. Since revolutions create domestic instability, revolutionaries face unique strategic incentives to target “unreliable” groups and to demonstrate an ability to selectively punish potential dissidents by identifying and punishing “invisible” groups. Moreover, revolutionary governments are frequently helmed by elites with exclusionary ideologies. Exclusionary ideologies—such as communism, fascism, and Islamism—represent collectivities rather than individuals, and elites adhering to these views are likely to construct sexual minorities as liberal, individualistic threats to their collectivist projects. Statistical analysis using original data on homophobic repression demonstrates that revolutionary governments are more likely to target LGBT individuals and that this effect is driven by exclusionary ideologues. Case study evidence from Cuba further indicates that the posited strategic and ideological mechanisms mediate the relationship between revolutionary government and homophobic repression.