Wind Effects on Non-Standard Shapes and Structures (ERIES-WENSS)

Dataset Description The data contained in this package aims to act as a open-access database with pressure maps, alongside proper description of the situations considered. In addition, the data within this package aims to contribute to the development and validation of an open-source numerical project with predictive capabilities. The study replicates various complex shapes of membrane structures for testing under Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) flow, Tornadic-like flow, and Downburst-like flow at the Wind Engineering, Energy, and Environment (WindEEE) research facility. Prestressed membrane structures are lightweight structures with a multitude of application areas from small shading devices and façade elements to wide-span roofs covering sport stadia and other leisure facilities. Due to their architectural appeal and the ability to cover large areas with minimal material usage, they represent a highly resource-efficient category of engineering structures. S1. Wind Field Characterization The purpose of this specimen was to develop and identify an ABL profile that corresponds to the 1:25 model scale. Tests were performed with various turbulence levels created using a combination of roughness elements, spires, and a trip. For each test, 3-dimensional point-based velocity measurements were taken with TFI Cobra Probes covering a range of heights. E1. Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) development Given the model scale, size, and region of installation, ABL flows were tested to develop an accurate simulation for testing the membrane structure models under. Tests were performed with both low-speed and high-speed configurations. Each configuration involved measurements with various turbulence production methods such as roughness elements, spires, trip, and fan speed variation. S2. M1 (Hyperbolic Paraboloid) Pressure Model The purpose of this specimen was to test the M1, doubly, curved geometry at a scale of 1:25 under ABL, Downburst, and Tornado winds. The full-scale size of the geometry is 6 x 6 x 5m and at a scale of 1:25 the tested model is 24 x 24 x 20cm where the canopy itself is 8cm tall beginning 12cm from the ground. The canopy is 1cm thick overall (offset 0.5cm above and below the original surface geometry) with a 0.6cm cavity in between for pressure tubing. E1. ABL Loading This test involved the M1 model described above subjected to low-speed ABL, and high-speed ABL. The model was tested every 10° between 0 and 180° plus a 45° angle of attack. E2. Downburst Loading This test involved the M1 model tested under downburst-like flow loading conditions in three configurations where the model is offset from the center of the turntable to achieve 3 r/D values: 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 (in the -x direction) (offset 0.65m, 1.29m and 1.95m respectively). E3. Tornado Loading This test involved the M1 model tested under tornado-like flow loading conditions in two configurations where the model is offset from the center of the turntable by 0cm and 25cm (in the -x direction). S3. M2 (RidgeValley) Pressure Model The purpose of this specimen was to test the M2 (RidgeValley) doubly curved geometry at a scale of 1:25 under ABL winds. The equilibrium shape of the M2 (RidgeValley) can be determined via form finding for a pre-stress ratio of 4 (e.g. kN/m) as an isotropic membrane pre-stress to 30 (e.g. kN) in the edge and ridge cables, with fixed support points. The full-scale size of the geometry is 6 x 6 x 5m and at a scale of 1:25 the tested model is 24 x 24 x 20cm where the canopy itself is 8cm tall beginning 12cm from the ground. The canopy is 1cm thick overall (offset 0.5cm above and below the original surface geometry) with a 0.6cm cavity in between for pressure tubing. E1. ABL Loading This test involved the model described above subjected to low-speed ABL, and high-speed ABL. The model was tested every 10° between 0 and 180° plus a 45° angle of attack. S4. M3 (Arch-Supported) Pressure Model The purpose of this specimen was to test the M3 (Arch-Supported) doubly curved geometry at a scale of 1:25 under ABL winds. The equilibrium shape of the M3 can be determined via form finding for a pre-stress ratio of 4 (e.g. kN/m) as an isotropic membrane pre-stress to 30 (e.g. kN) in the edge cables, with fixed line supports at the arches. The arch geometry is defined as a NURBS curve (p=3, CPs at (0,0,0), (0,2,2.65), (0,4,2.65), (0,6,0), knot vector (0,0,0,1,1,1)). The full-scale size of the geometry is 6 x 6 x 5m and at a scale of 1:25 the tested model is 24 x 24 x 20cm where the canopy itself is 8cm tall beginning 12cm from the ground. The canopy is 1cm thick overall (offset 0.5cm above and below the original surface geometry) with a 0.6cm cavity in between for pressure tubing. E1. ABL Loading This test involved the model described above subjected to low-speed ABL, and high-speed ABL. The model was tested every 10° between 0 and 180° plus a 45° angle of attack. S5. M4 (Cone) Pressure Model The purpose of this specimen was to test the M4 (Cone) doubly curved geometry under ABL winds in an isolated, 1x3 row array, and a 3x3 square array configuration. The equilibrium shape of the M4 can be determined via form finding for an isotropic membrane pre-stress, with fixed supports at top and bottom circles. The support circle radii are 0.8m and 4.24m (full-scale). The form found shapes are then intersected at a 6m distance in order to generate straight edges for closed array geometries. The full-scale size of the isolated geometry is 6 x 6 x 5m and at a scale of 1:25 the tested model is 24 x 24 x 20cm where the canopy itself is 8cm tall beginning 12cm from the ground. The canopy is 1cm thick overall (offset 0.5cm above and below the original surface geometry) with a 0.6cm cavity in between for pressure tubing. E1. ABL Loading Stand Alone This test involved the model described above subjected to low-speed ABL, and high-speed ABL. The model was tested every 10° between 0 and 180° plus a 45° angle of attack. E2. ABL Loading Row (1 x 3) Array This test involved the M3 model plus 8 similarly shaped, adjacent dummy models arranged in 3 different configurations subjected to low-speed ABL, and high-speed ABL. The configurations include of a 1x3 line relative to the main pressure model. In the configurations, the pressure model is located: at the center of the line, and at the corner of the line. The model was tested every 10° between 0 and 180° plus a 45° angle of attack. E3. ABL Loading Square (3 x 3) Array This test involved the M3 model plus 2 similarly shaped, adjacent dummy models arranged in 2 different configurations subjected to low-speed ABL, and high-speed ABL. The configurations include different locations of the main pressure model within a 3x3 square array. In the configurations, the pressure model is located: at the center of the grid, at the corner of the grid, and at the center edge of the grid. The model was tested every 10° between 0 and 180° plus a 45° angle of attack. S6. M5 (Umbrella) Pressure Model The purpose of this specimen was to test the M5 (Umbrella) doubly curved geometry at a scale of 1:25 under ABL winds. The equilibrium shape of the M5 can be determined via formfinding for a pre-stress ratio of 4 (e.g. kN/m) as an isotropic membrane pre-stress to 30 (e.g. kN) in the edge cables, with fixed line supports at the bottom circle (radius of 0.8m in full scale) and point supports at the top corners. The full-scale size of the geometry is 6 x 6 x 5m and at a scale of 1:25 the tested model is 24 x 24 x 20cm where the canopy itself is 8cm tall beginning 12cm from the ground. The canopy is 1cm thick overall (offset 0.5cm above and below the original surface geometry) with a 0.6cm cavity in between for pressure tubing. E1. ABL Loading This test involved the model described above subjected to low-speed ABL, and high-speed ABL. The model was tested every 10° between 0 and 180° plus a 45° angle of attack.数据集说明 本数据包所包含的数据旨在构建一个包含压力场图谱的开放获取数据库，并对所考虑的各类工况进行详尽说明。此外，本数据包中的数据还将助力具备预测能力的开源数值项目的开发与验证。本研究在风工程、能源与环境（WindEEE）研究设施中，复现了多种复杂膜结构外形，以在大气边界层（Atmospheric Boundary Layer，ABL）流、类龙卷流以及类下击暴流工况下开展测试。 预应力膜结构属于轻质结构，应用场景广泛，从小型遮阳装置、外立面构件，到覆盖体育场馆及其他休闲设施的大跨度屋面均有涉及。凭借其美学优势与以最少材料覆盖大跨度空间的能力，该类结构属于工程领域中极具资源利用效率的结构类别。 S1 流场特性表征 本试件的研制目标为开发并确定适配1:25缩尺比的大气边界层剖面。试验通过组合使用粗糙元、尖塔以及扰流条来生成不同湍流强度的流场。每一组试验均采用TFI Cobra探针开展三维点式速度测量，测量范围覆盖不同高度。 E1 大气边界层（ABL）生成 结合缩尺比、模型尺寸与安装区域的要求，本试验开展大气边界层流场测试，以实现用于膜结构模型试验的精准流场模拟。试验分别采用低速与高速两种配置，每种配置均通过多种湍流生成手段开展测量，包括粗糙元、尖塔、扰流条以及风机转速调节。 S2 M1（双曲抛物面）压力模型 本试件的试验目标为在1:25缩尺比下，测试M1双曲抛物面外形在大气边界层、类下击暴流以及类龙卷风流场中的表现。该几何外形的原型尺寸为6×6×5m，缩尺至1:25后，试验模型尺寸为24×24×20cm，其中膜面主体高度为8cm，距地面起始高度为12cm。膜面整体厚度为1cm（在原几何表面上下各偏移0.5cm），中间预留0.6cm的空腔用于布设压力管路。 E1 大气边界层加载 本试验将上述M1模型分别置于低速与高速大气边界层流场中进行测试。试验按照0°至180°每间隔10°一个工况，额外增设45°攻角工况。 E2 下击暴流加载 本试验将M1模型置于类下击暴流流场加载工况中开展测试，共设置三种配置：模型偏离转台中心，分别实现3个r/D值：0.8、1.0和1.2（沿-x方向），对应偏移量分别为0.65m、1.29m和1.95m。 E3 龙卷加载 本试验将M1模型置于类龙卷风流场加载工况中开展测试，共设置两种配置：模型与转台中心的偏移量分别为0cm和25cm（沿-x方向）。 S3 M2（脊谷式）压力模型 本试件的试验目标为在1:25缩尺比下，测试M2（脊谷式）双曲曲面外形在大气边界层流场中的表现。M2（脊谷式）的平衡外形可通过形态寻优确定：各向同性膜预张力为4kN/m，边缘索与脊索的预张力为30kN，支撑点为固定约束。该几何外形的原型尺寸为6×6×5m，缩尺至1:25后，试验模型尺寸为24×24×20cm，其中膜面主体高度为8cm，距地面起始高度为12cm。膜面整体厚度为1cm（在原几何表面上下各偏移0.5cm），中间预留0.6cm的空腔用于布设压力管路。 E1 大气边界层加载 本试验将上述模型分别置于低速与高速大气边界层流场中进行测试。试验按照0°至180°每间隔10°一个工况，额外增设45°攻角工况。 S4 M3（拱支承式）压力模型 本试件的试验目标为在1:25缩尺比下，测试M3（拱支承式）双曲曲面外形在大气边界层流场中的表现。M3的平衡外形可通过形态寻优确定：各向同性膜预张力为4kN/m，边缘索预张力为30kN，拱架处为固定线约束。拱架几何外形采用非均匀有理B样条（NURBS）曲线定义（阶数p=3，控制点坐标依次为(0,0,0)、(0,2,2.65)、(0,4,2.65)、(0,6,0)，节点矢量为(0,0,0,1,1,1)）。该几何外形的原型尺寸为6×6×5m，缩尺至1:25后，试验模型尺寸为24×24×20cm，其中膜面主体高度为8cm，距地面起始高度为12cm。膜面整体厚度为1cm（在原几何表面上下各偏移0.5cm），中间预留0.6cm的空腔用于布设压力管路。 E1 大气边界层加载 本试验将上述模型分别置于低速与高速大气边界层流场中进行测试。试验按照0°至180°每间隔10°一个工况，额外增设45°攻角工况。 S5 M4（锥形）压力模型 本试件的试验目标为测试M4（锥形）双曲曲面外形在大气边界层流场中的表现，试验工况包括孤立模型、1×3排阵列以及3×3方形阵列三种配置。M4的平衡外形可通过形态寻优确定：各向同性膜预张力，上下圆形边界为固定支撑。原型支撑圆半径分别为0.8m和4.24m。为生成闭合阵列几何的直边，将各形态寻优得到的外形在6m间距处相交。该几何外形的孤立模型原型尺寸为6×6×5m，缩尺至1:25后，试验模型尺寸为24×24×20cm，其中膜面主体高度为8cm，距地面起始高度为12cm。膜面整体厚度为1cm（在原几何表面上下各偏移0.5cm），中间预留0.6cm的空腔用于布设压力管路。 E1 孤立模型大气边界层加载 本试验将上述孤立模型分别置于低速与高速大气边界层流场中进行测试。试验按照0°至180°每间隔10°一个工况，额外增设45°攻角工况。 E2 1×3排阵列大气边界层加载 本试验将M3模型与8个外形相似的相邻辅助模型组合，按照三种配置置于低速与高速大气边界层流场中进行测试。配置方案包括以主压力模型为基准的1×3线形排布，主模型分别位于排阵中心与排阵角落。试验按照0°至180°每间隔10°一个工况，额外增设45°攻角工况。 E3 3×3方形阵列大气边界层加载 本试验将M3模型与2个外形相似的相邻辅助模型组合，按照两种配置置于低速与高速大气边界层流场中进行测试。配置方案涵盖主压力模型在3×3方形阵列中的不同布置位置：主模型分别位于网格中心、网格角落与网格边中点。试验按照0°至180°每间隔10°一个工况，额外增设45°攻角工况。 S6 M5（伞形）压力模型 本试件的试验目标为在1:25缩尺比下，测试M5（伞形）双曲曲面外形在大气边界层流场中的表现。M5的平衡外形可通过形态寻优确定：各向同性膜预张力为4kN/m，边缘索预张力为30kN，底部圆形边界为固定线约束（原型半径0.8m），顶部角点为点约束。该几何外形的原型尺寸为6×6×5m，缩尺至1:25后，试验模型尺寸为24×24×20cm，其中膜面主体高度为8cm，距地面起始高度为12cm。膜面整体厚度为1cm（在原几何表面上下各偏移0.5cm），中间预留0.6cm的空腔用于布设压力管路。 E1 大气边界层加载 本试验将上述模型分别置于低速与高速大气边界层流场中进行测试。试验按照0°至180°每间隔10°一个工况，额外增设45°攻角工况。