Mapping the diversity of cetacean and primate cultural heritage

There is burgeoning evidence for animal culture across a range of vertebrate taxa. Social learning, the process that results in non-human culture, can have population-level effects and thus can inform conservation science and policy. It has been argued that non-human culture can provide insights into both how conservation is conducted and what managers should be aiming to conserve (the ‘unit to conserve’). Here we conducted a literature review for studies about culture in cetaceans and primates, and we provide three datasets that underpin an interactive cartographic representation of the diversity of cultural behaviours and ecological contexts in which they arise, including in co-operation or mutualism with human local populations. Our work is intended as a pilot project for a central repository for scientific evidence of the vast diversity of living cultural heritage of non-human societies. Loosely based on the impressive UNESCO resource on human cultures: Dive into Cultural Heritage, ..., We collected papers primarily through non-exhaustive literature searches on Scopus and Google Scholar. We searched for keywords “culture, social learning, tradition” alongside common names for the following species; Humpback Whales, Killer Whales, Sperm Whales, Chimpanzees, Orangutans, Gorillas, Capuchins, Japanese Macaques - and the following groups: Dolphins, Great Apes, Monkeys, Whales. Further papers were found in the reference lists for books and reviews, most notably: Whitehead & Rendell (2015), Brakes et al. (2021), and Whiten (2021). Finally, a number of papers were found through connections with colleagues of co-authors.
Papers were added to the dataset if they represented animal culture, here defined as “Information or behaviour – shared within a community – which is acquired from conspecifics through some form of social learning” (after Whitehead & Rendell 2015). A notable exception to this rule is the literature on migratory (Baker et al., 2013; O’Corry-Crowe et al.,..., , # Mapping the diversity of cetacean and primate cultural heritage

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zvf](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zvf)

## Description of the data and file structure

Each record within each dataset represents a population showing a particular culture, either observed directly in the study or referenced in the study. The datasets are unrelated to each other (primates, cetaceans, and cetacean migrations), and are shown on the same interactive map.

The interactive map ([https://arcg.is/18mfrK2) ](https://arcg.is/18mfrK2)contains three different datasets as a pilot study to begin quantifying animal culture: primates, cetaceans, and then specifically information about migrations of cetaceans. Here are tables describing the metadata within each of the datasets that are visualized in the maps.

### Data definitions for the primate dataset

(published as a Storymap here: [https://arcg.is/18mfrK2](https://arcg.is/18mfrK2))

* **Paper ID**: Unique identifier for t...

现有越来越多的证据表明，多个脊椎动物类群中均存在动物文化。社会学习作为催生非人类文化的核心过程，能够产生种群层面的影响，因此可为保护科学与政策制定提供重要参考。已有研究指出，非人类文化既能帮助我们理解保护工作的开展路径，也能明确管理者应当着力保护的核心对象（即‘保护单元’）。本研究针对鲸类（cetaceans）与灵长类（primates）的文化相关研究开展了系统性文献综述，并构建了三个数据集，用以支撑文化行为多样性及其发生生态背景的交互式制图展示，其中也涵盖与当地人类种群合作或共生的相关场景。本研究旨在为非人类社会活态文化遗产的海量多样性科学证据构建中央知识库提供试点项目支撑，其设计思路大致参考了联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）的优质人类文化资源《走进文化遗产》（Dive into Cultural Heritage）……

本研究主要通过Scopus与谷歌学术（Google Scholar）进行非穷尽式文献检索来收集相关论文。检索时以"culture, social learning, tradition"（文化、社会学习、传统）为关键词，搭配以下物种的通用名称：座头鲸、虎鲸、抹香鲸、黑猩猩、红毛猩猩、大猩猩、卷尾猴、日本猕猴，以及以下类群：海豚、类人猿、猴类、鲸类。此外，我们通过书籍与综述的参考文献列表获取了更多论文，其中尤为重要的包括Whitehead & Rendell（2015）、Brakes等人（2021）以及Whiten（2021）的相关研究。最后，我们还通过合作作者的同事人脉获取了部分论文。

本数据集纳入的论文需涉及动物文化，本研究中动物文化的定义为"在社群内部共享的、通过某种形式的社会学习从同种个体处获得的信息或行为"（改编自Whitehead & Rendell 2015）。该纳入标准有一个显著例外：关于迁徙行为的相关研究（Baker et al., 2013; O’Corry-Crowe et al., ...）。
# 绘制鲸类与灵长类文化遗产多样性图谱
DOI: [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zvf](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zvf)

## 数据与文件结构说明
各数据集内的每条记录均代表呈现某一特定文化的种群，这些文化要么是研究中直接观测得到的，要么是研究中引用的。三个数据集分别对应灵长类、鲸类以及鲸类迁徙，彼此相互独立，但均在同一张交互式地图中进行可视化展示。

本交互式地图（[https://arcg.is/18mfrK2](https://arcg.is/18mfrK2)）包含三个用于量化动物文化的试点研究数据集：灵长类数据集、鲸类数据集，以及专门的鲸类迁徙信息数据集。下文将分别介绍各数据集用于地图可视化的元数据表格。

### 灵长类数据集的数据定义
（该内容已作为故事地图发布于：[https://arcg.is/18mfrK2](https://arcg.is/18mfrK2)）
* **论文ID（Paper ID）**：每条记录的唯一标识符，[原文此处截断]