Water Quality data for sites in Gully Remediation (NESP TWQ 2.1.4, CSIRO)

This dataset contains Water Quality monitoring data collected at the project gully sites for the three reporting wet seasons 2016-2017, 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The data in presented in this metadata are part of a larger collection and are intended to be viewed in the context of the project. For further information on the project, view the parent metadata record: Demonstration and evaluation of gully remediation on downstream water quality and agricultural production in GBR rangelands (NESP TWQ 2.1.4, CSIRO).Monitoring of these sites is continuing as part of NESP TWQ Project 5.9. Any temporal extensions to this dataset will be linked to from this record.Methods:A description of the water quality sampling procedures for this project is outlined in Baker et al.,(2016).An automatic monitoring station was installed at each of the treatment gullies (See Key Localities). The monitoring station recorded rainfall, stage height, turbidity and water temperature at 1-min intervals during runoff events. The station also housed an ISCO auto-sampler that collected 1-L water samples at programmed intervals across the hydrograph (samples were processed as described below). A camera was installed at the treatment sites to capture photos during runoff events.Each of the control sites were fitted with a simpler tripod monitoring station that measured rainfall, stage height and turbidity. Bulk water quality samples were collected manually after each (accessible) event using poly-pipe rocket structures. Data from both the treatment and control sites had telemetered communications to allow remote access of data.Unidata Starflow QSD ultrasonic doppler was installed above the turbidity sensor at each site in 2017. The sensor measures the velocity of particles or bubbles in the water (presumed to be the same velocity as the water) using the doppler shift between transmitted and received ultrasonic signals. The sensors are mounted facing downstream to reduce the impact of particles damaging the sensor face and debris build up on measurement. The sensors require reconfiguration from factory default settings to capture data in gully systems.A description of the water quality sampling procedures for this project is outlined in Baker et al., (2016). In brief, following significant runoff events that triggered the samplers, the ISCO bottles were collected and the samples were filtered and frozen if collected within 24 hours of the event. These samples were analysed for TSS and the full suite of nutrients (total nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, NH3, NOx, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, FRP) at the JCU TropWater Laboratory, Townsville. Samples that were not collected within 24 hours were analysed for TSS only. A sub-set of the samples collected were also sent for particle size analysis. The samples were processed on a Malvern Mastersizer which is a laser diffraction analyser with a lens range of 0.02 – 2000 µm.Telemetered data from the loggers was captured to a fileserver and subsequently extracted, checked and combined with lab sample results in Excel. The files in this data collection represent the final combined dataset of all water quality and rainfall data from each site.Linear relationships between TSS and TN sample concentrations and coincident turbidity data were derived for all sites (Table 6). Turbidity data was not used when (i) the instrument exceeded the instrument calibration threshold; (ii) turbidity sensor readings were erroneous due to damage or sensor malfunction, or when the sensors were buried.Format:This data collection consists of 5 zip files (one for each paired gully monitoring site). Zip files are named according to the property on which they are located. Each zip file contains six MS Excel spreadsheets representing 3 years of water quality monitoring and rainfall data for both the Control and Treatment gully sites. MS Excel files contain tabs representing the following:NotesRainfallStream data (Timestamp, Depth, Turbidity, Rain, Photo cnt, Velocity)Sample Data (Timestamp, BottleNo, EventNo, SampleNo, Depth, Turbidity)Lab Results (combined with sample data)Chart of Stream and Sample data for the whole year and reportingCharts of Stream and Sample data for each flow eventEach zip file contains an additional Excel spreadsheet “WQ_QA_vs_Turb_.xlsx” with tabs “control” and “treatment” containing a summary of all water quality lab analyses for all years and an assessment of the quality (Quality_code) of each sample. Further tabs show the turbidity-TSS and turbidity-N relationships subsequently developed for use in discharge and load estimates. As well as the 5 zip files, this collection contains a single spreadsheet summarising all particle size measurements for the sites: “NESP_particle size_summary_all_sites.xlsx”Data Dictionary:Column headings used in the Water Quality Excel spreadsheets:Timestamp – time in AEST (+10GMT)Depth – Depth of flow above depth sensor in millimetres, Depth sensor was level with gully bed at time of installation. Turbidity – turbidity in units of NTUVelocity - Velocity is in units of mm/sec(note that the Turbidity and velocity sensors are mounted at between 100 and 400 mm above the depth sensor).Rain – rainfall in millimetres during period between current timestamp and previous timestampPhotoCnt – site photo count value associated with timestampBottleNo – Bottle number associated with ISCO samplerEventNo – Event number associated with sampleSampleNo – Sample Number as submitted to Lab.Lab Results – headings are self-explanatory TSS = Total Suspended SedimentColumn headings used in Particle_size sptreadsheet:Year – Wet season over which particle size sample was collectedEvent - indicator to allow for differentiation between eventsSite – site at whch samples awas collected (codes below)Date – sample collection dateSample number    TSS – Total Suspended Sediment recorded in Stream data at sample timestamp

本数据集涵盖了2016-2017、2017-2018及2018-2019三个报告期湿季，在项目沟壑监测点位采集的水质监测数据。
本元数据中呈现的数据属于更大规模数据集的一部分，需结合项目背景进行解读。如需了解该项目的更多信息，请查阅其父元数据记录：《大堡礁牧场沟壑修复对下游水质与农业生产的示范与评估》（NESP TWQ 2.1.4，澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织（CSIRO））。
上述监测点位的监测工作仍在持续，作为NESP TWQ项目5.9的组成部分。本数据集后续的时间序列扩展内容均将通过本记录进行关联。

## 采样方法
本项目的水质采样流程详见Baker等人（2016）的研究成果。
针对所有治理型沟壑，均布设了自动监测站（详见关键点位说明）。该监测站在产流事件期间以1分钟为间隔记录降雨量、水位、浊度与水温。站内搭载ISCO自动采样器，可根据预设的水文过程间隔采集1升水样（水样处理流程详见下文）。治理点位同时安装了相机，用于在产流事件期间拍摄现场照片。
每个对照点位均配备了结构更简化的三脚架式监测站，用于监测降雨量、水位与浊度。每次可开展的产流事件结束后，均采用聚管火箭式采样装置手动采集批量水质样品。治理型与对照型点位的监测数据均通过遥传方式传输，支持远程调取。
2017年，所有点位均在浊度传感器上方安装了Unidata Starflow QSD超声波多普勒流速仪。该传感器通过发射与接收超声波信号间的多普勒频移，测定水体中颗粒物或气泡的流速（默认与水流速度一致）。传感器朝向下游安装，以降低颗粒物对传感器探头的冲刷损伤以及碎屑淤积对测量的影响。该传感器需脱离出厂默认配置进行重新调试，方可在沟壑系统中正常采集数据。
本项目的水质采样流程详见Baker等人（2016）的研究成果。简言之，当产流事件触发采样器后，工作人员将回收ISCO采样瓶：若样品在产流事件发生后24小时内完成采集，则将其过滤并冷冻保存。上述样品将在汤斯维尔的詹姆斯·库克大学（JCU）热带水实验室开展检测，测定总悬浮沉积物（Total Suspended Sediment, TSS）以及全套营养盐指标（总氮、总溶解氮、NH3、NOx、总磷、总溶解磷、可溶性活性磷FRP）。若样品采集间隔超过24小时，则仅检测其TSS含量。采集的部分样品还将被送往开展粒度分析，样品检测采用马尔文Mastersizer激光衍射粒度分析仪，其镜头测量范围为0.02–2000 µm。
监测记录仪的遥传数据将被存储至文件服务器，后续经提取、校验后，与实验室检测结果在Excel软件中进行整合。本数据集收录的文件即为所有点位水质与降雨量数据的最终整合成果。
针对所有点位，均建立了TSS、总氮（Total Nitrogen, TN）样品浓度与同步浊度数据间的线性关系（详见表6）。在以下情况中，浊度数据将不予采用：（1）仪器超出校准阈值；（2）浊度传感器因损坏或故障导致读数异常；或（3）传感器被泥沙掩埋。

## 数据格式
本数据集包含5个压缩包（每个对应一组配对沟壑监测点位），压缩包名称以其所在的地块命名。每个压缩包内含6个Microsoft Excel工作表，涵盖治理型与对照型沟壑点位3年的水质监测与降雨量数据。Excel文件包含以下工作表标签：
1. 说明（Notes）
2. 径流数据流数据（RainfallStream data）：包含时间戳、水深、浊度、降雨量、照片计数、流速
3. 样品数据（Sample Data）：包含时间戳、采样瓶编号、事件编号、样品编号、水深、浊度
4. 实验室检测结果（Lab Results）：与样品数据整合
5. 年度径流与样品数据图表：涵盖报告期内全年的径流与样品数据
6. 单次产流事件径流与样品数据图表：针对每一次产流事件生成的对应图表
每个压缩包还包含一个额外的Excel工作表"WQ_QA_vs_Turb_.xlsx"，其“对照（control）”与“治理（treatment）”标签页汇总了所有年度的水质实验室检测结果，并对每个样品的质量（Quality_code）进行了评估。其余标签页则展示了后续用于径流与负荷估算的浊度-TSS、浊度-总氮关系模型。
除5个压缩包外，本数据集还包含一份汇总所有点位粒度检测结果的工作表："NESP_particle size_summary_all_sites.xlsx"。

## 数据字典
### 水质监测Excel工作表列标题说明：
- 时间戳（Timestamp）：采用澳大利亚东部标准时间（Australian Eastern Standard Time, AEST，+10GMT）
- 水深（Depth）：水深传感器上方的水流深度，单位为毫米；传感器安装时与沟壑床面齐平
- 浊度（Turbidity）：浊度值，单位为NTU
- 流速（Velocity）：水流速度，单位为毫米/秒（注：浊度与流速传感器安装在水深传感器上方100~400毫米处）
- 降雨量（Rain）：当前时间戳与前一时间戳间隔内的降雨量，单位为毫米
- 照片计数（PhotoCnt）：与该时间戳关联的现场照片拍摄数量
- 采样瓶编号（BottleNo）：与ISCO自动采样器对应的采样瓶编号
- 事件编号（EventNo）：与样品关联的产流事件编号
- 样品编号（SampleNo）：提交至实验室的样品编号
- 实验室检测结果（Lab Results）：列标题含义一目了然，其中TSS为总悬浮沉积物（Total Suspended Sediment）

### 粒度分析工作表列标题说明：
- 年份（Year）：采集粒度样品所在的湿季
- 事件编号（Event）：用于区分不同产流事件的标识
- 点位（Site）：样品采集的点位（点位代码详见下文）
- 采集日期（Date）：样品采集日期
- 样品编号（Sample number）
- 总悬浮沉积物（TSS）：样品采集时间戳对应径流数据中记录的总悬浮沉积物含量