Laboratory evolution of multiple E. coli strains reveals unifying principles of adaptation but diversity in driving genotypes

Fitness landscapes are a central concept in evolutionary biology and have been thoroughly detailed in terms of genotypes. However, our understanding of the selected metabolic and gene expression adaptations, and their dependence on genetic background, remains limited. Here, we reveal multi-scale adaptation principles in E. coli by taking multi-omics measurements of 6 different strains throughout their adaptive evolution to glucose minimal media.