Infrastructure Climate Resilience Assessment Data Starter Kit for Madagascar
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This starter data kit collects extracts from global, open datasets relating to climate hazards and infrastructure systems. These extracts are derived from global datasets which have been clipped to the national scale (or subnational, in cases where national boundaries have been split, generally to separate outlying islands or non-contiguous regions), using Natural Earth (2023) boundaries, and is not meant to express an opinion about borders, territory or sovereignty. Human-induced climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of climate and weather extremes. This is causing widespread, adverse impacts to societies, economies and infrastructures. Climate risk analysis is essential to inform policy decisions aimed at reducing risk. Yet, access to data is often a barrier, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Data are often scattered, hard to find, in formats that are difficult to use or requiring considerable technical expertise. Nevertheless, there are global, open datasets which provide some information about climate hazards, society, infrastructure and the economy. This "data starter kit" aims to kickstart the process and act as a starting point for further model development and scenario analysis. Hazards: coastal and river flooding (Ward et al, 2020; Baugh et al, 2024) extreme heat and drought (Russell et al 2023, derived from Lange et al, 2020) tropical cyclone wind speeds (Russell 2022, derived from Bloemendaal et al 2020 and Bloemendaal et al 2022) Exposure: population (Schiavina et al, 2023) built-up area (Pesaresi et al, 2023) roads (OpenStreetMap, 2025) railways (OpenStreetMap, 2025) power plants (Global Energy Observatory et al, 2018) power transmission lines (Arderne et al, 2020) Contextual information: elevation (European Union and ESA, 2021) land-use and land cover (Copernicus Climate Change Service and Climate Data Store, 2019) administrative boundaries from geoBoundaries (Runfola et al., 2020) The spatial intersection of hazard and exposure datasets is a first step to analyse vulnerability and risk to infrastructure and people. To learn more about related concepts, there is a free short course available through the Open University on Infrastructure and Climate Resilience. This overview of the course has more details. These Python libraries may be a useful place to start analysis of the data in the packages produced by this workflow: snkit helps clean network data nismod-snail is designed to help implement infrastructure exposure, damage and risk calculations The open-gira repository contains a larger workflow for global-scale open-data infrastructure risk and resilience analysis. For a more developed example, some of these datasets were key inputs to a regional climate risk assessment of current and future flooding risks to transport networks in East Africa, which has a related online visualisation tool at https://east-africa.infrastructureresilience.org/ and is described in detail in Hickford et al (2023). References Arderne, Christopher, Nicolas, Claire, Zorn, Conrad, & Koks, Elco E. (2020). Data from: Predictive mapping of the global power system using open data [Dataset]. In Nature Scientific Data (1.1.1, Vol. 7, Number Article 19). Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3628142 Baugh, Calum; Colonese, Juan; D'Angelo, Claudia; Dottori, Francesco; Neal, Jeffrey; Prudhomme, Christel; Salamon, Peter (2024): Global river flood hazard maps. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Dataset] PID: data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-floods-floodmapgl_rp50y-tif Bloemendaal, Nadia; de Moel, H. (Hans); Muis, S; Haigh, I.D. (Ivan); Aerts, J.C.J.H. (Jeroen) (2020): STORM tropical cyclone wind speed return periods. 4TU.ResearchData. [Dataset]. DOI: 10.4121/12705164.v3 Bloemendaal, Nadia; de Moel, Hans; Dullaart, Job; Haarsma, R.J. (Reindert); Haigh, I.D. (Ivan); Martinez, Andrew B.; et al. (2022): STORM climate change tropical cyclone wind speed return periods. 4TU.ResearchData. [Dataset]. DOI: 10.4121/14510817.v3 Copernicus Climate Change Service, Climate Data Store, (2019): Land cover classification gridded maps from 1992 to present derived from satellite observation. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). DOI: 10.24381/cds.006f2c9a (Accessed on 09-AUG-2024) Copernicus DEM - Global Digital Elevation Model (2021) DOI: 10.5270/ESA-c5d3d65 (produced using Copernicus WorldDEM™-90 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved) Global Energy Observatory, Google, KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Enipedia, World Resources Institute. (2018) Global Power Plant Database. Published on Resource Watch and Google Earth Engine; resourcewatch.org/ Hickford et al (2023) Decision support systems for resilient strategic transport networks in low-income countries – Final Report. Available online: https://transport-links.com/hvt-publications/final-report-decision-support-systems-for-resilient-strategic-transport-networks-in-low-income-countries Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., et al. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8, e2020EF001616. DOI: 10.1029/2020EF001616 Natural Earth (2023) Admin 0 Map Units, v5.1.1. [Dataset] Available online: www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/10m-admin-0-details OpenStreetMap contributors, Russell T., Thomas F., nismod/datapkg contributors (2025) Road and Rail networks derived from OpenStreetMap. [Dataset] Available at global.infrastructureresilience.org Pesaresi M., Politis P. (2023): GHS-BUILT-S R2023A - GHS built-up surface grid, derived from Sentinel2 composite and Landsat, multitemporal (1975-2030) European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) PID: data.europa.eu/89h/9f06f36f-4b11-47ec-abb0-4f8b7b1d72ea, doi:10.2905/9F06F36F-4B11-47EC-ABB0-4F8B7B1D72EA Runfola D, Anderson A, Baier H, Crittenden M, Dowker E, Fuhrig S, et al. (2020) geoBoundaries: A global database of political administrative boundaries. PLoS ONE 15(4): e0231866. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231866. Russell, T., Nicholas, C., & Bernhofen, M. (2023). Annual probability of extreme heat and drought events, derived from Lange et al 2020 (Version 2) [Dataset]. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8147088 Schiavina M., Freire S., Carioli A., MacManus K. (2023): GHS-POP R2023A - GHS population grid multitemporal (1975-2030). European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) PID: data.europa.eu/89h/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe, doi:10.2905/2FF68A52-5B5B-4A22-8F40-C41DA8332CFE Ward, P.J., H.C. Winsemius, S. Kuzma, M.F.P. Bierkens, A. Bouwman, H. de Moel, A. Díaz Loaiza, et al. (2020) Aqueduct Floods Methodology. Technical Note. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. Available online at: www.wri.org/publication/aqueduct-floods-methodology.
本数据入门套件（starter data kit）收录了来自全球开放数据集的、与气候灾害及基础设施系统相关的节选数据。 本套件所使用的节选数据源自全球数据集，依托Natural Earth（2023）的边界数据，将全球数据集裁剪至国家尺度（若国家边界被拆分，通常是为了分离离岛或非连续区域，则裁剪至次国家尺度），本套件无意就边界、领土或主权表达任何立场。 人为活动引发的气候变化正加剧极端气候与天气事件的发生频率与强度，对社会、经济及基础设施造成广泛的负面影响。气候风险分析是制定风险减缓政策的核心依据，但数据获取往往是一大障碍，在中低收入国家尤为突出。相关数据常分散杂乱、难以获取，格式复杂难用，或需要较高的专业技术门槛。尽管如此，仍有诸多全球开放数据集可提供气候灾害、社会、基础设施与经济相关的信息。本数据入门套件旨在为相关研究启动流程提供支撑，作为后续模型开发与情景分析的起点。 ### 灾害类型 - 海岸与河流洪水（Ward等，2020；Baugh等，2024） - 极端高温与干旱（Russell等，2023，源自Lange等，2020） - 热带气旋风速（Russell，2022，源自Bloemendaal等，2020及Bloemendaal等，2022） ### 暴露度数据 - 人口（Schiavina等，2023） - 建成区面积（Pesaresi等，2023） - 道路（OpenStreetMap，2025） - 铁路（OpenStreetMap，2025） - 发电厂（全球能源观测站等，2018） - 输电线路（Arderne等，2020） ### 背景信息 - 高程（欧盟与欧空局，2021） - 土地利用与土地覆盖（哥白尼气候变化服务中心与气候数据存储库，2019） - 行政边界源自geoBoundaries数据库（Runfola等，2020） 将灾害数据集与暴露度数据集进行空间叠加，是分析基础设施与人口面临的脆弱性及风险的第一步。 若想了解更多相关概念，可通过开放大学（Open University）获取关于基础设施与气候韧性的免费短期课程，课程概述中包含更多细节。 以下Python库可作为本工作流生成的数据包中数据开展分析的实用起点： - snkit：用于清理网络数据 - nismod-snail：专为开展基础设施暴露度、损毁程度与风险计算设计 open-gira仓库包含一套更完整的工作流，用于开展全球尺度的开放数据基础设施风险与韧性分析。 如需更成熟的应用示例，本套件中的部分数据集曾作为核心输入，用于一项关于东非交通网络当前及未来洪水风险的区域气候风险评估。该评估配套的在线可视化工具可访问https://east-africa.infrastructureresilience.org/，相关细节已在Hickford等（2023）的研究中详细阐述。 ### 参考文献 - Arderne, Christopher, Nicolas, Claire, Zorn, Conrad, & Koks, Elco E. (2020). 数据集来源：基于开放数据的全球电力系统预测制图[数据集]. 发表于《自然·科学数据》(1.1.1, 第7卷, 第19号文章). Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3628142 - Baugh, Calum; Colonese, Juan; D'Angelo, Claudia; Dottori, Francesco; Neal, Jeffrey; Prudhomme, Christel; Salamon, Peter (2024): 全球河流洪水灾害地图集. 欧盟委员会联合研究中心（JRC）[数据集]. PID: data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-floods-floodmapgl_rp50y-tif - Bloemendaal, Nadia; de Moel, H. (Hans); Muis, S; Haigh, I.D. (Ivan); Aerts, J.C.J.H. (Jeroen) (2020): STORM热带气旋风速重现期. 4TU.ResearchData. [数据集]. DOI: 10.4121/12705164.v3 - Bloemendaal, Nadia; de Moel, Hans; Dullaart, Job; Haarsma, R.J. (Reindert); Haigh, I.D. (Ivan); Martinez, Andrew B.; 等 (2022): STORM气候变化下热带气旋风速重现期. 4TU.ResearchData. [数据集]. DOI: 10.4121/14510817.v3 - 哥白尼气候变化服务中心, 气候数据存储库 (2019): 基于卫星观测的1992年至今土地覆盖分类格网地图. 哥白尼气候变化服务中心（C3S）气候数据存储库（CDS）. DOI: 10.24381/cds.006f2c9a（2024年8月9日访问） - 哥白尼DEM - 全球数字高程模型（2021）DOI: 10.5270/ESA-c5d3d65（基于Copernicus WorldDEM™-90制作 © 德国宇航中心（DLR）e.V. 2010-2014 及 © 空客防务与航天有限公司（Airbus Defence and Space GmbH）2014-2018，由欧盟与欧空局根据哥白尼计划提供；保留所有权利） - 全球能源观测站, Google, 瑞典斯德哥尔摩皇家理工学院（KTH）, Enipedia, 世界资源研究所. (2018) 全球发电厂数据库. 发布于Resource Watch与谷歌地球引擎；resourcewatch.org/ - Hickford等 (2023) 低收入国家韧性战略交通网络决策支持系统——最终报告. 可在线访问：https://transport-links.com/hvt-publications/final-report-decision-support-systems-for-resilient-strategic-transport-networks-in-low-income-countries - Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., 等 (2020). 六大灾害类别与三种空间尺度下极端气候影响事件的暴露度预测. 《地球的未来》, 8, e2020EF001616. DOI: 10.1029/2020EF001616 - Natural Earth (2023) 行政0级地图单元, v5.1.1. [数据集] 可在线访问：www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/10m-admin-0-details - OpenStreetMap贡献者, Russell T., Thomas F., nismod/datapkg贡献者 (2025) 基于OpenStreetMap的道路与铁路网络数据集. [数据集] 可在线访问：global.infrastructureresilience.org - Pesaresi M., Politis P. (2023): GHS-BUILT-S R2023A - GHS建成地表格网，基于Sentinel2合成影像与Landsat数据生成，多时态（1975-2030）. 欧盟委员会联合研究中心（JRC）PID: data.europa.eu/89h/9f06f36f-4b11-47ec-abb0-4f8b7b1d72ea, doi:10.2905/9F06F36F-4B11-47EC-ABB0-4F8B7B1D72EA - Runfola D, Anderson A, Baier H, Crittenden M, Dowker E, Fuhrig S, 等 (2020) geoBoundaries：全球政治行政边界数据库. 《公共科学图书馆·综合》, 15(4): e0231866. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231866. - Russell, T., Nicholas, C., & Bernhofen, M. (2023). 极端高温与干旱事件年发生概率，源自Lange等2020（版本2）[数据集]. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8147088 - Schiavina M., Freire S., Carioli A., MacManus K. (2023): GHS-POP R2023A - GHS多时态人口格网（1975-2030）. 欧盟委员会联合研究中心（JRC）PID: data.europa.eu/89h/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe, doi:10.2905/2FF68A52-5B5B-4A22-8F40-C41DA8332CFE - Ward, P.J., H.C. Winsemius, S. Kuzma, M.F.P. Bierkens, A. Bouwman, H. de Moel, A. Díaz Loaiza, 等 (2020) 水地图洪水方法学. 技术报告. 华盛顿特区：世界资源研究所. 可在线访问：www.wri.org/publication/aqueduct-floods-methodology.
