Global PM2.5 Exposure Dataset (1990–2020): Country-Level Data Based on World Bank Indicator EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3

The data are based on the World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI), specifically the indicator: EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3 – PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter). This indicator represents population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution, defined as the average level of exposure of a country's population to concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 microns. These particles are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and are associated with significant health risks. The original data were obtained from:https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3 Accessed on: April 2026. The dataset was pre-processed as follows:– only sovereign countries were retained (non-country aggregates and regions removed);– missing observations were handled;– the data were transformed into a balanced panel for the period 1990–2020;– country-year observations were used to construct dynamic decile groups;– the dataset was prepared for Markov chain and spatial Markov analysis. The processed dataset ensures full reproducibility of the empirical results presented in the associated study. If you use this dataset, please cite the World Bank World Development Indicators and this repository.本数据集基于世界银行《世界发展指标》（World Development Indicators, WDI），具体采用的指标为：EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3——细颗粒物（PM2.5）空气污染年平均暴露量（单位：微克/立方米）。 该指标代表经人口加权的环境PM2.5污染暴露水平，定义为一国人口对空气动力学直径小于2.5微米的细颗粒物浓度的平均暴露水平。此类颗粒物可深入呼吸道，并与显著健康风险相关联。 原始数据获取自：https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3，数据获取时间为2026年4月。 本数据集的预处理流程如下： 1. 仅保留主权国家数据，剔除非国家聚合项与区域数据； 2. 处理缺失观测值； 3. 将数据转换为1990-2020年的平衡面板数据集； 4. 基于国家-年份观测值构建动态十分位数分组； 5. 为马尔可夫链与空间马尔可夫分析准备数据集。 经处理后的数据集可完整复现关联研究中的实证结果。 若使用本数据集，请同时引用世界银行《世界发展指标》与本数据集仓库。