Data from: Origin and macroevolution of micro-moths on sunken Hawaiian islands

The origins and evolution of Hawaiian biodiversity are a matter of controversy, and the mechanisms of lineage diversification for many organisms on this remote archipelago remain unclear. Here we focus on the poorly-known endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), whose species feed on a diversity of Hawaiian plant lineages, many of which are critically endangered. We use anchored hybrid enrichment to assemble the first phylogenomic dataset (507 loci) for any Hawaiian animal taxon. To uncover the timing and pattern of diversification of these moths, we apply two frequently used dating calibration strategies, biogeographic calibrations and secondary calibrations. Island calibrations on their own resulted in much younger and unrealistic dates compared to strategies that relied on secondary calibrations. Our dating results indicate that Philodoria is among the oldest known Hawaiian arthropod lineages. Philodoria likely originated on the now partially sunken islands of Laysan or Lisianski, approximately 21 million years ago, and were associated with host plants in the families Ebenaceae, Malvaceae, or Primulaceae. Major feeding groups associated with specific host plant families originated soon after the plants colonize the islands. Allopatric isolation and host shifts, in concert and independently, likely play major roles in the diversification of Philodoria.

夏威夷生物多样性的起源与演化一直存在争议，该偏远群岛上诸多生物类群的谱系分化机制迄今仍未阐明。本研究聚焦于研究相对匮乏的特有潜叶蛾属*Philodoria*（鳞翅目Lepidoptera、细蛾科Gracillariidae），该属物种以多种夏威夷植物类群为寄主，其中多数寄主类群已处于极危状态。我们采用锚定杂交富集（anchored hybrid enrichment）技术，构建了首个针对夏威夷动物类群的系统发育组学数据集（共包含507个基因座）。为揭示该类潜叶蛾的分化时间与分化模式，我们采用了两种常用的定年校准策略：生物地理校准与次级校准。仅采用岛屿校准得到的分化时间显著偏年轻，且与基于次级校准的分析结果相比，其时间节点并不符合生物学现实。本研究的定年结果显示，*Philodoria*属是目前已知最古老的夏威夷节肢动物类群之一。该属可能起源于距今约2100万年前的莱桑岛（Laysan）与利西亚斯基岛（Lisianski）——这两座岛屿目前已部分沉没，其早期寄主类群分属柿科（Ebenaceae）、锦葵科（Malvaceae）或报春花科（Primulaceae）。与特定寄主植物科对应的主要取食类群，均在寄主植物定居夏威夷群岛后不久便发生分化。异域隔离与寄主转换，无论单独作用还是协同发挥作用，均可能是*Philodoria*属物种分化的核心驱动因素。