Summary of generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) used to determine the effect of the river system (region) and seasonality (wet and dry seasons) livestock characteristics: Time (minutes) spent at watering points, number of cattle per herd, percentage of cattle defecating or urinating in the river.

The ‘full’ model included the river or region (Amala, Nyangores and Talek), season (dry vs. wet) and river X season interaction as fixed effects and watering point as a random effect.