Does windbreak enhancement with floral resources increase pollinator communities in citrus orchards?

1. Agricultural practices and landscape simplification contribute to the ongoing global decline in wildlife. A more integrated approach such as cultivating flowers by agricultural fields can enhance wildlife habitat, especially for beneficial arthropods like pollinators.2. In Florida, citrus orchards are commonly bordered by living windbreaks, single lines of trees designed to buffer orchards from weather extremes as well as pest and pathogen movement. Although these windbreaks act as alternative habitats for residential arthropods, they can be improved with additional floral resources and vegetational complexity.3. In this study, we explored whether enhancing these field margins by planting flowering herbs, vines, and shrubs would lead to higher pollinator abundance and diversity in citrus orchards in north and central Florida. We also investigated the role of naturally occurring wildflowers in attracting pollinators.4. We found that floral plantings by citrus orchard edges were utilized by pollinators. Cultivated blanketflower (<i>Gaillardia pulchella</i>) was particularly attractive to various wild bees, while commercially managed honey bees were primarily found on a common weedy flower, Spanish needles (<i>Bidens alba</i>). We ultimately found differing patterns of pollinator activity in the adjacent citrus orchards across regions; while more bees, including honey bees, were found within the treatment orchard in central Florida, this was not true in north Florida.5. This study highlights the pollinator resources provided by wild flowers in and around orchards in addition to the conservation potential of cultivated, pollinator-friendly plants.