Bats, terrain elevation, fruits and insects from 49 plots at Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, State of Amazonas, Central Amazonia, Brazil.

We conducted the study in Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (02°55'-03°01' S; 59°53'-59°59' W; Ducke Reserve hereafter), located on the outskirts of Manaus (Km 26 on the AM-110 Highway, Amazonas State, Brazil). The reserve is included in the Long-term Ecological Research Program of the Brazilian National Research Council (Programa de Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração – PELD/CNPq) and harbors 10,000 ha of mature terra firme forest. We captured bats in 49 plots, 24 of which are in riparian areas close to watercourses, and 25 in non-riparian areas. We captured bats using eight ground-level mist-nets (12×3 m, 19 mm mesh, Ecotone®, Poland) per plot between October 2013 and February 2014. Each plot was sampled on three non-consecutive nights, totaling 7056 net-hours (1 net-hour = one net open for one hour). Nets remained open between 1800 and 0000 h, and were checked every 15 minutes. Each captured bat was identified and allocated to a foraging guild: gleaning animalivores, frugivores, aerial insectivores, nectarivores, and sanguivores. We extracted the terrain elevation data for each plot from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) in 90 m resolution rasters images provided by The Global Land Cover Facility (http://www.landcover.org). The geographical coordinates used to obtain terrain elevations were measured at the midpoint of each plot, and we used the ‘Point sampling tool’ from 2.2.0 Valmiera Quantum Geographic Information System software (QGIS) to extract the elevation values. We actively search for plants with mature fruits in an area of 600 m2 located along each plot. We visited each plot three times during daylight hours on the days preceding the nocturnal netting sessions in order to find plants of the given genera with available fruits on the same night as bat captures. Plants with fruits were identified to the genus level and fruit availability was quantified as the number of plants with fruits per plot. We quantified insect availability as the mass of insects collected by light traps, which consisted of 20 cm diameter cones inserted in plastic pots of 100 ml containing a 70% alcohol solution and detergent. A flashlight with 10 white LED bulbs pointed at the cone was set above the cone to attract insects, which were retained in the plastic pot. We installed two light traps in each plot, positioned at 65 and 130 m distant from the closest mist-net and along the central line of the plot and placed at a height of 1.5 m from the ground. The distances between the nets and the insect traps minimized the capture of insectivorous bats attracted to the light traps. We turned on the light traps at 1800 h on bat-capture nights and turned them off after 48 hours. Light traps functioned during the day and night, but probably attracted insects only at night. Each plot was sampled during two days three times, totaling 28224 trap-hours (1 trap-hour = one trap lit for one hour). Collected insects were dried on filter paper to remove excess alcohol and weighed individually on a precision balance (limit of reading 0.0001 g; Ohaus Discovery, Pine Brook, New Jersey). To estimate the total mass of insects collected in each plot, we combined the six insect-sampling nights of each plot. We identified the insects to the level of order.

本研究在阿道弗·杜克森林保护区（Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke，下文简称杜克保护区）开展，该保护区位于巴西亚马逊州马瑙斯市郊（AM-110号公路26公里处，坐标：02°55′-03°01′S；59°53′-59°59′W）。该保护区隶属于巴西国家研究委员会长期生态研究项目（Programa de Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração – PELD/CNPq），拥有10000公顷成熟陆地旱生森林（terra firme forest）。研究人员在49个样地中捕获蝙蝠，其中24个样地位于靠近水道的河岸带，剩余25个样地位于非河岸带。2013年10月至2014年2月期间，每个样地使用8张地面雾网（mist-net，尺寸12×3 m，网孔19 mm，品牌为Ecotone®，产自波兰）进行蝙蝠捕获。每个样地于三个非连续夜间开展采样，总采样时长为7056网小时（1网小时即1张网开放1小时）。雾网开放时间为每日18:00至次日00:00，每15分钟检查一次。每只捕获的蝙蝠均被鉴定种类，并划归至相应的觅食功能群（foraging guild）：拾食性肉食蝙蝠（gleaning animalivores）、食果蝙蝠（frugivores）、飞行食虫蝙蝠（aerial insectivores）、食蜜蝙蝠（nectarivores）及吸血蝙蝠（sanguivores）。研究人员从全球土地覆盖设施（The Global Land Cover Facility，http://www.landcover.org）提供的90米分辨率栅格影像的航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务（Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission, SRTM）数据中提取每个样地的地形高程数据。用于提取高程数据的地理坐标为每个样地的中点，研究人员使用2.2.0版Valmiera量子地理信息系统软件（Quantum Geographic Information System, QGIS）中的"点采样工具"（Point sampling tool）提取高程值。在每个样地沿线的600平方米区域内，研究人员主动搜寻结有成熟果实的植物。为确保在蝙蝠夜间捕获当晚能找到挂果植物，在夜间捕网前的日间时段，对每个样地进行三次走访，以确认对应属的植物是否在当晚挂有可食用果实。挂果植物仅鉴定至属级水平，果实可获得性以每个样地内挂果植物的数量进行量化。昆虫可获得性通过诱虫灯收集的昆虫质量进行量化。诱虫装置由直径20 cm的锥形罩组成，罩下连接装有70%酒精溶液与洗涤剂的100 ml塑料容器。在锥形罩上方安装一支搭载10颗白色LED灯的手电筒，用于吸引昆虫，昆虫将被收集至下方的塑料容器中。每个样地设置两台诱虫灯，分别位于距离最近雾网65米和130米处，沿样地中心线布置，离地高度1.5 m。该布置方式可降低食虫蝙蝠被诱虫灯吸引进而干扰捕获的概率。诱虫灯在蝙蝠捕获当晚的18:00开启，持续运行48小时。诱虫灯昼夜均可工作，但实际仅在夜间吸引昆虫。每个样地的诱捕采样共开展三次，每次持续两天，总采样时长为28224诱捕小时（1诱捕小时即1台诱虫灯点亮1小时）。收集到的昆虫先用滤纸干燥以去除多余酒精，随后使用精密天平（读数精度0.0001 g；Ohaus Discovery，产自新泽西州派恩布鲁克）进行单独称重。为估算每个样地的总昆虫收集质量，将每个样地的六次昆虫采样夜间所获昆虫合并称重。昆虫仅鉴定至目级水平。