Design and Synthesis of FR‑β Targeting Chimeric Molecules for Reprogramming Tumor-Associated Macrophages Using 6‑Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3‑d]pyrimidines as Targeting Ligands

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are highly plastic tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Their reprogramming has emerged as a pivotal strategy in antitumor immunotherapy. The TLR7/8 agonist, IMDQ, has significant potential for reprogramming macrophages but lacks target specificity. To address this challenge, we developed novel folate receptor beta (FR-β) targeting chimeric molecules using 6-substituted pyrrolo­[2,3-d]­pyrimidines as high-affinity ligands, which demonstrate superior FR-β targeting capability compared with classical folic acid. These molecules integrate the FR-β targeting moiety with IMDQ, marking the first application of this immunomodulator in targeted chimeric constructs. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that our chimeric molecules selectively reprogrammed TAMs toward an immunostimulatory phenotype, reshaped the tumor microenvironment, and inhibited tumor progression without systemic toxicity. Given that TAM accumulation is prevalent across all solid tumors, our strategy of precisely targeting and reprogramming of TAMs is universally applicable to treating various types of cancers, a potent and effective strategy for antitumor immunotherapy.