Thermal Tolerance Ranges of 30 species used as biological control of garden pests

This dataset is a compilation of thermal tolerance ranges for 30 species currently used as biological control for a variety of garden pests; all temperatures are recorded in °C. Pest species can reduce yield and cause damage to crops. Chemical pesticides are often used to treat agricultural areas, but can have adverse effects on human health and biodiversity. Biological control agents exist in the form of bacteria, fungi and insect species; some are generalists and others specialists, offering a range of alternatives to chemical pesticides (Ayilara et al., 2023). Several such species are currently commercialised and readily available for purchase online; however, the selection is relatively limited and the species offered are not always suited for every possible climate. This dataset seeks to identify some lesser known biological control agents and compile them with widely commercialised species, with special interest in their tolerated thermal range. Certain species are better suited for cooler climates, while others tend to be more effective at warmer temperatures. With climate change increasingly threatening agricultural systems, some pest species developing resistance towards current chemical pesticides, and the threat of invasive species establishment with shifting climatic conditions, it is worth investigating biological control agents with a potential to treat agricultural land and even adapt to increasingly extreme temperatures (Ramos Aguila et al., 2023). The literature search used to compile data identified research papers where thermal thresholds for each of the 30 species were investigated through scientific experimentation in a relatively controlled laboratory environment. Where possible, only papers published after 1990 were selected. Research and data availability greatly varied with how commonly observed each species was. Species were only added to the dataset if their thermal tolerance range had been researched with a clearly described method; where such material was not published, potential species were discarded and others were chosen instead. Within the literature, there were several methods used to estimate thermal tolerance range, such as exposing specimens to short-term stress (increased or decreased temperatures) for 1 hour intervals (Hill, Malan and Terblanche, 2015), or rearing specimens at set temperatures long-term to observe their developmental success throughout life stages (Gotoh, Yamaguchi and Mori, 2004). The method used to estimate thermal tolerance range and the insect host chosen to evaluate infectivity success can yield different results within a species, especially among the generalist species (Zimmermann, 2008). Therefore, the metadata includes details such as which host specimens and surrounding plants the studies species were reared with, as well as how many different temperature intervals were tested. Some studies focused primarily on warmer temperatures, while others tested both the warmer and colder limits equally. Nevertheless, another requirement when sifting through the available material was the papers needed to explicitly mention a maximum and minimum temperature at which the selected species was active. A clear limitation to this approach is certain studies defined their thermal ranges as temperatures at which species were simply active, while others focused more on larval hatching and developmental success rather than adult mortality. The most detailed studies were those which identified temperature thresholds at which mobility stopped and chill / heat comas ensued (Coombs and Bale, 2012). Reference List: Ayilara, M.S., Adeleke, B.S., Akinola, S.A., Fayose, C.A., Adeyemi, U.T., Gbadegesin, L.A., Omole, R.K., Johnson, R.M., Uthman, Q.O. and Babalola, O.O. (2023). Biopesticides as a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides: A case for microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1040901. Coombs, M.R. and Bale, J.S. (2012). Comparison of thermal activity thresholds of the spider mite predators Phytoseiulus macropilis and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 59(4), pp.435–445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9619-9. Gotoh, T., Yamaguchi, K. and Mori, K. (2004). Effect of temperature on life history of the predatory mite Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 32(1/2), pp.15–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/b:appa.0000018192.91930.49. Hill, M.P., Malan, A.P. and Terblanche, J.S. (2015). Divergent thermal specialisation of two South African entomopathogenic nematodes. PeerJ, 3, p.e1023. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1023. Ramos Aguila, L.C., Li, X., Akutse, K.S., Bamisile, B.S., Sánchez Moreano, J.P., Lie, Z. and Liu, J. (2023). Host–Parasitoid Phenology, Distribution, and Biological Control under Climate Change. Life, [online] 13(12), p.2290. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122290. Zimmermann, G. (2008). The entomopathogenic fungiIsaria farinosa(formerlyPaecilomyces farinosus) and theIsaria fumosoroseaspecies complex (formerlyPaecilomyces fumosoroseus): biology, ecology and use in biological control. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18(9), pp.865–901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150802471812. Data Reference List: Anastassiadou, M., Arena, M., Auteri, D., Brancato, A., Bura, L., Luis Carrasco Cabrera, Chaideftou, E., Chiusolo, A., Daniele Court Marques, Federica Crivellente, Chloe De Lentdecker, Egsmose, M., Fait, G., Greco, L., Huizing, C., Ippolito, A., Frederique Istace, Jarrah, S., Dimitra Kardassi and Leuschner, R. (2020). Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance Akanthomyces muscarius strain Ve6, formerly Lecanicillium muscarium strain Ve6. EFSA Journal, 18(6). doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6121. Bezerra, C.E.S., Tavares, P.K.A., Nogueira, C.H.F., Macedo, L.P.M. and Araujo, E.L. (2012). Biology and thermal requirements of Chrysoperla genanigra (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) reared on Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) eggs. Biological Control, [online] 60(2), pp.113–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.11.010. Coombs, M.R. and Bale, J.S. (2012). Comparison of thermal activity thresholds of the spider mite predators Phytoseiulus macropilis and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 59(4), pp.435–445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9619-9. Daane, K.M., Malakar-Kuenen, R.D. and Walton, V.M. (2004). Temperature-dependent development of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasitoid of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Biological Control, 31(2), pp.123–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.04.010. Gotoh, T., Yamaguchi, K. and Mori, K. (2004). Effect of temperature on life history of the predatory mite Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 32(1/2), pp.15–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/b:appa.0000018192.91930.49. Greenberg, S.M., Legaspi, B.C., Jones, W.A. and Enkegaard, A. (2000). Temperature-Dependent Life History ofEretmocerus eremicus(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Two Whitefly Hosts (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Environmental Entomology, 29(4), pp.851–860. doi:https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-29.4.851. Grewal, P.S., Selvan, S. and Gaugler, R. (1994). Thermal adaptation of entomopathogenic nematodes: Niche breadth for infection, establishment, and reproduction. Journal of Thermal Biology, 19(4), pp.245–253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(94)90047-7. Hill, M.P., Malan, A.P. and Terblanche, J.S. (2015). Divergent thermal specialisation of two South African entomopathogenic nematodes. PeerJ, 3, p.e1023. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1023. HUGHES, G.E., OWEN, E., STERK, G. and BALE, J.S. (2010). Thermal activity thresholds of the parasitic wasp Lysiphlebus testaceipes and its aphid prey: implications for the efficacy of biological control. Physiological Entomology, 35(4), pp.373–378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2010.00754.x. Ingegno, B.L., Messelink, G.J., Leman, A., Sacco, D. and Tavella, L. (2021). Development and thermal activity thresholds of European mirid predatory bugs. Biological Control, 152, p.104423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104423. Jalali, Mohammad.Amin., Tirry, L., Arbab, A. and Clercq, P.D. (2010). Temperature-Dependent Development of the Two-Spotted Ladybeetle,Adalia bipunctata, on the Green Peach Aphid,Myzus persicae, and a Factitious Food Under Constant Temperatures. Journal of Insect Science, 10(124), pp.1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1673/031.010.12401. Khachatourians, G.G. (2009). Insecticides, Microbial. [online] ScienceDirect. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001243 [Accessed 11 Feb. 2024]. Kour, S., Khurma, U. and Brodie, G. (2021). Ecological Characterisation of Native Isolates of Heterorhabditis indica from Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. Journal of Nematology, 53(1), pp.1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-085. Kung, S.-P., Gaugler, R. and Kaya, H.K. (1991). Effects of soil temperature, moisture, and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 57(2), pp.242–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(91)90123-8. Lee, H.-S. and Gillespie, D.R. (2010). Life tables and development of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) at different temperatures. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 53(1), pp.17–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-010-9385-5. Li, M.-J., Zhang, B., Chen, G.-H., Zhou, S.-W., Liu, J.-H., Lu, M., Zhang, J.-L., Yang, S.-W. and Zhang, X.-M. (2023). Effects of short-term extreme temperature treatment on the development and reproductive capacity of Encarsia formosa. Frontiers in Physiology, [online] 14, p.1187743. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1187743. Lizzy Mwamburi, Laing, M. and Miller, R. (2015). Effect of surfactants and temperature on germination and vegetative growth of Beauveria bassiana. 46(1), pp.67–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-838246120131077. Malina, R. and Praslička, J. (2008). Effect of temperature on the developmental rate, longevity and parasitism of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Plant Protection Science, 44(No. 1), pp.19–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.17221/534-pps. Shima Yazdanpanah, Yaghoub Fathipour, Riahi, E. and Zalucki, M.P. (2021). Modeling Temperature-Dependent Development Rate of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Fed on Two Alternative Diets. Environmental Entomology, [online] 51(1), pp.145–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab130. University of Connecticut (n.d.). Integrated Pest Management Program. [online] Available at: https://ipm.cahnr.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3216/2023/10/2023blackvineweevilfactsheetfinal.pdf [Accessed 11 Feb. 2024]. Zamani, A.A., Talebi, A., Fathipour, Y. and Baniameri, V. (2007). Effect of Temperature on Life History of Aphidius colemani and Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Two Parasitoids of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology, 36(2), pp.263–271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-36.2.263. Zimmermann, G. (2008). The entomopathogenic fungiIsaria farinosa(formerlyPaecilomyces farinosus) and theIsaria fumosoroseaspecies complex (formerlyPaecilomyces fumosoroseus): biology, ecology and use in biological control. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18(9), pp.865–901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150802471812.本数据集收录了当前用于防治多种园艺害虫的30个物种的温度耐受范围，所有温度单位均为摄氏度（°C）。 害虫会降低作物产量并造成损害。化学农药常被用于农田病虫害防治，但会对人类健康与生物多样性产生负面影响。生物防治因子（biological control agents）以细菌、真菌及昆虫物种的形式存在，部分为广食性类群，部分为专食性类群，为化学农药提供了多样化替代方案（Ayilara等，2023）。目前已有多款此类物种实现商业化，可通过线上渠道便捷购得，但可用品类相对有限，且提供的物种并非总能适配所有气候条件。 本数据集旨在发掘部分鲜为人知的生物防治因子，并与广泛商业化的物种一同收录，重点关注其耐受的温度范围。部分物种更适配凉爽气候，而另一些则在较高温度环境下防治效果更佳。随着气候变化对农业系统的威胁日益加剧，部分害虫已对现有化学农药产生抗药性，同时气候变迁导致外来物种定植的风险上升，因此有必要研究具备农田防治潜力、甚至能适应愈发极端温度的生物防治因子（Ramos Aguila等，2023）。 本数据集的数据检索过程筛选出了相关研究论文，这些论文通过相对可控的实验室科学实验，对30个物种各自的温度阈值展开了研究。在条件允许的情况下，仅纳入1990年之后发表的文献。研究与数据的可获得性因物种的常见程度差异显著。仅当某物种的温度耐受范围已通过描述清晰的方法完成研究时，才可将其纳入本数据集；若相关研究未发表，则放弃该候选物种，替换为其他符合条件的物种。 现有文献中用于估算温度耐受范围的方法多样，例如将试验样本置于短期温度胁迫（升温或降温）环境中，以1小时为间隔开展处理（Hill、Malan与Terblanche，2015）；或是将样本置于固定温度环境中长期饲养，观察其整个生命周期的发育情况（Gotoh、Yamaguchi与Mori，2004）。 用于估算温度耐受范围的方法，以及用于评估侵染成功率的昆虫寄主选择，可能会导致同一物种的试验结果出现差异，对于广食性物种而言这一问题尤为突出（Zimmermann，2008）。因此，本数据集的元数据包含以下细节：研究物种饲养所用的寄主样本与周边植物，以及测试的温度区间数量。部分研究仅聚焦于高温阈值，而另一些则同时等量测试了高温与低温阈值。尽管如此，在筛选可用文献时还有一项要求：论文需明确提及所选物种具备活动能力的最高与最低温度。该方法存在明显局限：部分研究将温度范围定义为物种仅具备活动能力的温度区间，而另一些则更关注幼虫孵化与发育成功率，而非成虫死亡率。最为详尽的研究是测定了物种活动停止、进入冷昏迷/热昏迷状态的温度阈值（Coombs与Bale，2012）。 ## 参考文献列表 Ayilara, M.S., Adeleke, B.S., Akinola, S.A., Fayose, C.A., Adeyemi, U.T., Gbadegesin, L.A., Omole, R.K., Johnson, R.M., Uthman, Q.O. and Babalola, O.O. (2023). 生物农药作为合成农药的潜在替代方案：微生物农药、植物源农药与纳米生物农药案例研究. *Frontiers in Microbiology*, 14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1040901. Coombs, M.R. and Bale, J.S. (2012). 两种叶螨天敌Phytoseiulus macropilis与Phytoseiulus persimilis的热活动阈值比较（蜱螨亚纲：植绥螨科）. *Experimental and Applied Acarology*, 59(4), pp.435–445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9619-9. Gotoh, T., Yamaguchi, K. and Mori, K. (2004). 温度对捕食螨Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus生活史的影响（蜱螨亚纲：植绥螨科）. *Experimental and Applied Acarology*, 32(1/2), pp.15–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/b:appa.0000018192.91930.49. Hill, M.P., Malan, A.P. and Terblanche, J.S. (2015). 两种南非昆虫病原线虫（entomopathogenic nematodes）的温度特化差异. *PeerJ*, 3, p.e1023. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1023. Ramos Aguila, L.C., Li, X., Akutse, K.S., Bamisile, B.S., Sánchez Moreano, J.P., Lie, Z. and Liu, J. (2023). 气候变化下的寄主-寄生蜂物候学、分布与生物防治. *Life*, 13(12), p.2290. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122290. Zimmermann, G. (2008). 昆虫病原真菌Isaria farinosa（原Paecilomyces farinosus）与Isaria fumosorosea物种复合体（原Paecilomyces fumosoroseus）：生物学、生态学及其在生物防治中的应用. *Biocontrol Science and Technology*, 18(9), pp.865–901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150802471812. ## 数据引用参考文献列表 Anastassiadou, M., Arena, M., Auteri, D., Brancato, A., Bura, L., Luis Carrasco Cabrera, Chaideftou, E., Chiusolo, A., Daniele Court Marques, Federica Crivellente, Chloe De Lentdecker, Egsmose, M., Fait, G., Greco, L., Huizing, C., Ippolito, A., Frederique Istace, Jarrah, S., Dimitra Kardassi and Leuschner, R. (2020). 活性物质Akanthomyces muscarius菌株Ve6（原Lecanicillium muscarium菌株Ve6）的农药风险评估同行评审. *EFSA Journal*, 18(6). doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6121. Bezerra, C.E.S., Tavares, P.K.A., Nogueira, C.H.F., Macedo, L.P.M. and Araujo, E.L. (2012). 以Sitotroga cerealella（鳞翅目：麦蛾科）卵为食的Chrysoperla genanigra（脉翅目：草蛉科）的生物学与温度需求. *Biological Control*, 60(2), pp.113–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.11.010. Coombs, M.R. and Bale, J.S. (2012). 两种叶螨天敌Phytoseiulus macropilis与Phytoseiulus persimilis的热活动阈值比较（蜱螨亚纲：植绥螨科）. *Experimental and Applied Acarology*, 59(4), pp.435–445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9619-9. Daane, K.M., Malakar-Kuenen, R.D. and Walton, V.M. (2004). 作为葡萄粉蚧Planococcus ficus（同翅目：粉蚧科）寄生蜂的Anagyrus pseudococci的温度依赖发育（膜翅目：跳小蜂科）. *Biological Control*, 31(2), pp.123–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.04.010. Gotoh, T., Yamaguchi, K. and Mori, K. (2004). 温度对捕食螨Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus生活史的影响（蜱螨亚纲：植绥螨科）. *Experimental and Applied Acarology*, 32(1/2), pp.15–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/b:appa.0000018192.91930.49. Greenberg, S.M., Legaspi, B.C., Jones, W.A. and Enkegaard, A. (2000). 两种粉虱寄主（同翅目：粉虱科）上Eretmocerus eremicus（膜翅目：蚜小蜂科）的温度依赖生活史. *Environmental Entomology*, 29(4), pp.851–860. doi:https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-29.4.851. Grewal, P.S., Selvan, S. and Gaugler, R. 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