Baseline clinical characteristics.

aDefined by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guideline. bDefined by a systolic blood pressure of >140 mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure of >90 mmHg or self-reported hypertension irrespective of anti-hypertensive medications. cHemoglobin <13.0 g/dL in men, hemoglobin <12.0 g/dL in women. dAlbumin <4.0 g/dL. eEstimated GFR, calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. fDefined by a systolic blood pressure of <90 mmHg or use of vasopressors in the intraoperative anesthesia records. gNorepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, vasopressin, or phenylephrine infusions on postoperative day 1 or 2. hCompared between and no AKI and AKI. iCompared among AKI stages. Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TNM, tumor node metastasis; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; p-RBC, packed red blood cell