Data from: A framework for simultaneous tests of abiotic, biotic, and historical drivers of species distributions: empirical tests for North American wood warblers based on climate and pollen

Understanding how abiotic, biotic and historical factors shape species distributions remains a central question in ecology, but studies linking biotic factors to continental-scale patterns remain scarce. Here, we present a novel framework for simultaneously testing patterns expected when abiotic, biotic or historical factors drive species range limits. We use ecological niche models to produce empirical estimates of the "Biotic, Abiotic, and Movement" paradigm (BAM diagrams), which previously had only been used theoretically. Based on climatic and pollen data, as well as explicit consideration of dispersal limitations, we implement the framework for a group of North American birds (Oreothlypis warblers) with clear habitat associations. Because the pollen-based predictor variables characterize vegetation, they represent biotic factors needed by each bird species. Although continental-scale patterns of distribution traditionally are attributed to abiotic factors, only one species matched the hypothesis of solely abiotic drivers. In contrast, pollen-based models indicate biotic drivers for two species, correctly predicting their absence in climatically suitable areas. These results highlight the feasibility of considering and quantifying potential effects of biotic interactions on species ranges, especial when interactions can be decoupled from abiotic factors. Furthermore, the availability of pollen data now and in the Holocene highlights the potential of these data to be used to predict range shifts of other organisms tightly dependent on particular vegetation types.

探明非生物、生物与历史因素如何塑造物种分布格局，始终是生态学领域的核心研究议题之一，但将生物因素与大陆尺度分布模式相关联的相关研究仍较为稀缺。在此，我们提出一种全新的研究框架，可同时检验非生物、生物或历史因素驱动物种分布范围限制时的预期格局。我们借助生态位模型（ecological niche models），对此前仅被用于理论推演的「生物、非生物与扩散」范式（Biotic, Abiotic, and Movement，简称BAM图）开展实证估算。基于气候与花粉数据，并明确考量扩散限制效应，我们针对一类具有明确生境关联的北美鸟类——林莺属（Oreothlypis）鸣禽——应用了该研究框架。由于基于花粉的预测变量表征了植被特征，它们对应着各鸟类物种生存所需的生物因素。尽管传统研究通常将大陆尺度的分布格局归因于非生物因素，但仅有一个物种符合仅由非生物因素驱动的假说。与之形成鲜明对比的是，基于花粉的模型显示有两个物种的分布受到生物因素调控，且能准确预测它们在气候适宜区域的缺失情况。这些研究结果凸显了考量并量化生物相互作用对物种分布范围潜在影响的可行性，尤其是当生物相互作用可与非生物因素解耦时。此外，当代及全新世花粉数据的可获取性，彰显了这类数据在预测其他紧密依赖特定植被类型的生物类群的分布范围变化方面的应用潜力。