Results of formant frequency and VOT measurements.

Target formant frequencies, onset formant frequencies (in Hz), and voice onset times (VOT, in ms) for the German vowels in the context of five consonants of the reference speaker. Each target formant frequency is the mean value of 30 samples, while each of the onset formants and VOTs are median values of six samples. Exceptions are the vowels /a:/ and /2:/, for which the formants were calculated from sustained phonemes (see text for details). The nasals /m/ and /n/ are omitted in this table, because their antiresonances prevent reliable formant measurements.