Supplementary for: Constraints on paleo hydrological activities on Mars derived from delta formation

Supplementary doc for Constraints on paleo hydrological activities on Mars derived from delta formation: This Supporting Information documents the data processing, measurement methods, mapping results, quantitative analyses, and sensitivity tests supporting the main manuscript. Text S1 describes the datasets and preprocessing procedures. Text S2 details the identification of paleo channels and the measurements of channel morphology, valley volume, and delta volume. Geologic maps of the extended regions of the Jezero, No-Name, Eberswalde, Rypin, and Balvicar deltas and their supplying valleys are presented in Fig. S2–S6. Topographic maps of the extended regions encompassing the Hypanis, Nanedi, Eberswalde, No-Name, Jezero, Rypin, and Balvicar deltas and their respective supplying valleys are shown in Fig. S7–S12. Quantitative analyses of water discharge, sediment transport rates, formation timescales, and water requirements for delta formation are provided in Fig. S13–S19. Fig. S13 illustrates water discharge estimated using four methods under varying water levels in the inlet rivers. Bankfull water discharge derived from the four methods and its variation with latitude are presented in Fig. S14. Maximum and minimum sediment discharge for different water depths are shown in Fig. S15, while latitudinal variations in sediment transport rates are depicted in Fig. S16. Fig. S17 presents the continuous timespan required to form deltas under different water levels. The water requirements for delta formation estimated using four methods are shown in Fig. S18, and their latitudinal variation is illustrated in Fig. S19. Crater-count age estimates for the deltas and their associated regions are provided in Fig. S20–S22. Comparisons of water discharge, sediment transport rates, and formation timescales with previous studies (Kleinhans et al., 2010; Salese et al., 2020) are presented in Text S4 and Fig. S23–S25. The sensitivity of the results to sediment grain size is evaluated in Text S5 and Fig. S26–S29, illustrating how water discharge, sediment transport rates, formation timescales, and water requirements vary across a range of grain sizes. Mapped craters for age estimate are shown in Fig. S31 to Fig. S42. Contents of this file Text S1 Data Text S1.1 Data collection and processing Text S1.2 Flat-field correction to the CTX images Text S2 Measurement Text S2.1 Paleo channel identification and morphology measurement Test S2.2 Valley volume measurement Text S2.3 Delta volume measurement Text S3 Flow discharge equations Figures (1) Geologic maps: Fig. S2 to Fig. S6 (2) Topographic maps: Fig. S7 to Fig. S12 (3) Topographic maps: Fig. S13 to Fig. S19 (4) Age estimate: Fig. S20 to Fig. S22 Text S4 Comparation with former studies Text S5 The sensitivity of our result to grain size test Figures Mapped craters for age estimate: Fig. S30 to Fig. S42《基于三角洲形成反演的火星古水文活动约束条件》补充说明文档 本补充材料文档记录了支撑主稿件的相关数据处理、测量方法、制图结果、定量分析与敏感性测试内容。文本S1对数据集及预处理流程进行说明。文本S2详细阐述了古河道识别方法，以及河道形态、河谷体积与三角洲体积的测量手段。 图S2至S6呈现了杰泽罗（Jezero）三角洲、无名（No-Name）三角洲、埃伯斯瓦尔德（Eberswalde）三角洲、雷平（Rypin）三角洲、巴尔维卡尔（Balvicar）三角洲及其补给河谷的扩展区域地质图。图S7至S12则展示了包含海波尼斯（Hypanis）、南内迪（Nanedi）、埃伯斯瓦尔德、无名、杰泽罗、雷平、巴尔维卡尔三角洲及其对应补给河谷的扩展区域地形图。 图S13至S19提供了径流量、沉积物输运率、形成时间尺度以及三角洲形成需水量的定量分析结果。图S13展示了基于四种方法、在入河水位变化条件下估算得到的径流量。图S14呈现了四种方法推导的满岸径流量及其随纬度的变化规律。图S15展示了不同水深条件下的最大与最小沉积物输运率，图S16则描绘了沉积物输运率的纬度变化特征。图S17给出了不同水位条件下形成三角洲所需的连续时间跨度。图S18展示了基于四种方法估算的三角洲形成需水量，图S19则阐明了该需水量的纬度变化差异。图S20至S22提供了三角洲及其关联区域的撞击坑定年估算结果。 文本S4与图S23至S25展示了本研究径流量、沉积物输运率、形成时间尺度与前人研究（Kleinhans等，2010；Salese等，2020）的对比结果。文本S5与图S26至S29评估了研究结果对沉积物粒径的敏感性，阐明了径流量、沉积物输运率、形成时间尺度与需水量在不同粒径范围内的变化规律。用于定年估算的撞击坑测绘结果如图S31至S42所示。 本文件内容如下： 文本S1 数据 文本S1.1 数据收集与处理 文本S1.2 CTX图像的平场校正 文本S2 测量 文本S2.1 古河道识别与形态测量 文本S2.2 河谷体积测量 文本S2.3 三角洲体积测量 文本S3 径流方程 图件 (1) 地质图：图S2至图S6 (2) 地形图：图S7至图S12 (3) 定量分析相关图件：图S13至图S19 (4) 定年估算：图S20至图S22 文本S4 与前人研究的对比 文本S5 研究结果对沉积物粒径的敏感性测试 图件 用于定年估算的测绘撞击坑：图S30至图S42