Chronic exposure to waterpipe smoke elicits immunomodulatory and carcinogenic effects in the lung II

Previous reports showed that cigarette smoke elicits various molecular and immune changes in the lung. Very little is known of the effects of the chronic consumption of other forms of tobacco, such as waterpipe smoke (WPS), on lung pathobiology. Here, we studied the effects of chronic exposure to WPS versus control air on lungs of tumor-prone mice by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). We find that WPS elicits immunomodulatory changes in the lung that are pertinent to carcinogenesis. Overall design: WPS or control air (one-hour whole-body exposure session per day for five days per week) for 20 weeks (n = 10 each group). Mice were then followed up for another five months after which lungs were studied by RNA-Seq.