Abstract Introduction: Idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism with an olfactory deficit is defined as Kallmann syndrome and is distinct from normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. O
Background The effect of leprosy on the sense of smell is not yet fully established. Studies that have relied only on patients’ perceptions may have under- or over-estimated the change in smell percep
Background: Olfactory dysfunction often occurs before motor onset in Parkinson's disease (PD) and can be detected with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Based on the Br