Global risk maps based on documented threats (1991-2016) for marine mammals: GIS files

In Avila et al. we conducted a systematic, spatially-explicit overview about currently, between 1991 and 2016, reported threats affecting marine mammal species (121 species), in specified locations around the world, by developing a series of risk maps. Risk maps were obtained by assigning threat to countries where they were reported, further refining geo-referencing by allocation to ocean basins and Longhurst biogeographical provinces and by intersection with mapped species’ distributions of AquaMaps using the core habitat (RES≥0.6, http://www.aquamaps.org/). Marine mammal species classification in AquaMaps follows the Taxonomy of Catalogue of Life (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/), and for the threats collection we used the Committee on Taxonomy (2016). As a result of these taxonomic discrepancies we obtained map risks for 114 different marine mammal species (SpID: code of the species; Sp_scName: name of the species). Here we present the GIS files (shapefiles) of the obtained risk maps for marine mammals. We also provide here the GIS file of the Species distribution of AquaMaps using the core habitat (Version 2016.8., http://www.aquamaps.org/) that we used to construct the risk maps. Risk maps differed by threat types (categories, attributes and sources), by taxa (odontocetes, mysticetes, pinnipeds and fissipeds, and sirenians) and by species. We identified 7 threat categories, 28 threat attributes and 13 threat sources affecting currently the marine mammals. The seven threat categories were based on the agent inflicting the actual harm and were: incidental catch & fishing gear interactions (BYCA), direct harvesting (DHAR), pollution (POLL), traffic (TRAF), pathogens & introduced species (INFE), resources depletion (HABI) and ocean-physics alteration (OCEA). Each of the threat categories was subdivided into a threat attribute with additional information such as type of pollution or reason for harvesting and others. Threat sources, defined as the ultimate origin of the threat, were defined following the IUCN threat classification scheme. We identified two types of threat sources, those related to direct human activities and those not. Threat sources, related to direct human activities were: aquaculture and agriculture (AQUA); fisheries (FISH), hunting and whaling (HUNT); energy production from oil, gas and mining (OGRE); energy production from nuclear power (NUCE); energy production from renewable resources (REWA); residential and industrial development (URBA); tourism and recreation (TOUR); scientific activities (SCIE); military activities (MILI); and unreported human activities (HUMA). Threat sources not related to direct human activities were climate change and geological events (CHAN). Also we identified threats resulted from sources that were unknown, unclear or unreported, but were not clearly related to direct human activities (UNKN).

本研究参照Avila等的工作，针对1991年至2016年间全球各指定海域报道过的、影响121种海洋哺乳动物的现存威胁开展系统性空间显式综述，通过构建系列风险地图完成分析。风险地图的构建流程为：先将威胁赋值至已报道对应威胁的国家，再通过将空间信息分配至大洋盆地与朗赫斯特生物地理省（Longhurst biogeographical provinces），并结合基于核心栖息地（分辨率RES≥0.6，详见http://www.aquamaps.org/）的AquaMaps物种分布数据进行空间配准细化。AquaMaps中的海洋哺乳动物物种分类遵循《生命目录（Catalogue of Life）》分类体系，本次威胁数据集的分类则采用2016年分类学委员会（Committee on Taxonomy）的标准。由于分类学上的差异，最终得到114种海洋哺乳动物的风险映射结果（其中SpID为物种编码，Sp_scName为物种学名）。本数据集包含本次分析得到的海洋哺乳动物风险地图GIS文件（shapefile格式），同时附带用于构建风险地图的、基于核心栖息地的AquaMaps物种分布GIS文件（2016.8版本，详见http://www.aquamaps.org/）。风险地图按威胁类型（类别、属性与来源）、类群（齿鲸类、须鲸类、鳍足类、裂脚类以及海牛类）和物种进行区分。本次研究共识别出7类威胁类别、28项威胁属性以及13种影响现存海洋哺乳动物的威胁来源。7类威胁类别以造成实际危害的致因因子为依据划分，分别为：兼捕与渔具交互（incidental catch & fishing gear interactions, BYCA）、直接捕捞（direct harvesting, DHAR）、污染（pollution, POLL）、交通干扰（traffic, TRAF）、病原体与外来物种（pathogens & introduced species, INFE）、资源耗竭（resources depletion, HABI）以及海洋物理环境改变（ocean-physics alteration, OCEA）。每一类威胁类别均进一步细分为包含额外信息的威胁属性，例如污染类型或捕捞原因等。威胁来源指威胁的最终起源，遵循国际自然保护联盟（International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN）的威胁分类方案进行定义。本次研究共识别出两类威胁来源：与人类直接活动相关的威胁来源，以及无关的威胁来源。与人类直接活动相关的威胁来源包括：水产养殖与农业（aquaculture and agriculture, AQUA）、渔业（fisheries, FISH）、狩猎与捕鲸（hunting and whaling, HUNT）、油气与采矿能源生产（energy production from oil, gas and mining, OGRE）、核电能源生产（energy production from nuclear power, NUCE）、可再生能源生产（energy production from renewable resources, REWA）、住宅与工业开发（residential and industrial development, URBA）、旅游与休闲（tourism and recreation, TOUR）、科研活动（scientific activities, SCIE）、军事活动（military activities, MILI）以及未报告的人类活动（unreported human activities, HUMA）。与人类直接活动无关的威胁来源包括气候变化与地质事件（climate change and geological events, CHAN）。此外，本研究还识别出来源未知、不明确或未报告，且未明确关联人类直接活动的威胁（unknown, unclear or unreported sources, UNKN）。