Strings across the ocean: practices, traditions, and histories of the Cocos Malay <i>biola</i> in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean

The <i>biola</i> (violin) is an emblematic musical instrument of the Cocos Malay community, who have been based on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands – part of Australia’s Indian Ocean Territories – since 1826. In Cocos Malay culture, the <i>biola</i> accompanies local dance genres and occasional performances of <i>bangsawan</i> theatre. Malay melodies constitute the bulk of the repertoire; there are also melodies exhibiting Scottish characteristics. The latter are often attributed to the influence of the Clunies-Ross family, who maintained a commanding presence on the islands from 1827 to 1978. Since the mid-twentieth century, <i>biola</i> playing has been the preserve of two families on the islands and in Western Australia. The practice has declined over the past two decades, owing to a decrease in players; however, a revitalisation programme was initiated in 2014. This article explores aspects of the practice and cultural functions of the <i>biola</i> on Cocos and documents the history of the instrument on the islands, drawing on data from ethnographic and archival research.