Almawi_16-IC_Multiplex

Serum samples from 88 treatment-naïve BC patients and 49 age-matched controls were analyzed using a 16-analyte MILLIPLEX® immuno-oncology panel. Seven immune checkpoint proteins (LAG-3, BTLA, CD80, GITRL, CTLA-4, GITR, TLR-2) showed significant differential expression between BC patients and controls. Elevated baseline TIM-3 and PD-L1 were associated with chemotherapy resistance and shorter PFS.