Climate history database for Sweden 1500-1870

Information about weather-related conditions in Sweden during the period 1500-1870 has been extracted from various historical documents. The information is presented as cited text, together with the date and geographical region for which the information is relevant. Since the database essentially consists of excerpts from different historical documentary sources of various kinds (Institutional chronicles, accountings, private weather diaries etc) the language is Swedish, though citations of original texts are occasionally given in other languages whenever relevant and when other languages were originally used. See the Swedish description for more information. The database contains a large number of contemporary descriptions for the period 1500–1870 from various types of documents — direct observations in diaries, administrative notes on activities that have been affected by weather conditions, letter collections, newspaper articles, etc. — of weather conditions in Sweden within current borders. ** Database file structure and content: The database is collected in a spreadsheet (xlsx). The same information is also presented in a semicolon-separated text file (csv) (character set: Western Europe, ISO-8859-15 / EURO). File size: 1.6 MB (xlsx) and 4.1 MB (csv). The number of file rows, including the title row, is 20896. In addition to the data file itself, the dataset also contains a source list in xlsx format. The file has two pages: "Otryckta källor" (unprinted sources) and "Bibliografi" (bibliography). The same information is also presented in two comma-separated csv files (character set: Western Europe, ISO-8859-15 / EURO). The main database file contains information in eight columns with the following headings (here also translated to English): * År (year) * Månad (month) * Dag (day) * Annan tidsangivelse (other time indication) * Område (area) * Väder (weather) * Källa (source) * Ytterligare hänvisning/information (additional reference / information) The database main language is Swedish. Quotations of writings in old language are generally preserved as in their original spellings. For a more detailed description of the database content, please see the Swedish data description. ** Main sources and collection method: The data collection was performed by systematically reading through available archive material and literature relevant to the subject. Information that was considered to be of value for climate history was entered into the database, either as a quotation or in the form of comments, together with an indication of the source material for each individual item (row) in the database. Each such item refers to a more or less specified geographical location and either a specific date or an approximate time period. Data have been collected along three main channels: unprinted archive material, printed sources and literature. Unprinted archive material has been retrieved mainly from the National Archives. For the period 1500–1540, data comes mainly from the database of the "Svenskt diplomatariums huvudkartotek" (Sdhk) (Swedish diplomatarium's main file). For the time thereafter, data from, among others, the "Riksregistraturet" (national registry), a collection of copies of letters issued by the "kungliga kansliet" (royal chancellery), has been used. Several unprinted letters, diaries, accounts and reports have also been searched. A particularly extensive individual source is Märta Helena Reenstierna's (known as the Årsta lady) diaries from Årsta Gård in Stockholm, written during the period 1793–1839 and kept in the Nordic Museum's archives. These diaries contain a large number of notes on local weather conditions. More than half of all individual entries in the database originate from the Årsta diaries. Printed sources include editions of source publications such as Gustav Vasa's (King Gustav I of Sweden) letters in 29 volumes. There are also the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences' Transactions which, among other things, contain meteorological observations. The category literature contains a number of local historical presentations. There are also early attempts at climate historical overviews and interpretations. Corporate history and military history literature have also been used. ** The roles of primary researchers during the construction of the database The main part of the work with building up the database was done during the period 2006–2010 by Johan Söderberg, Lotta Leijonhufvud, Dag Retsö and Ulrica Söderlind at the Department of Economic History, Stockholm University, under the leadership of Johan Söderberg. Curation of the database prior to publication in SND was carried out during 2019–2020 by Lotta Leijonhufvud in collaboration with Anders Moberg, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University. Previous, unpublished, versions of the database have been used in the following studies (see list of publications): - Edvinsson et al. (2009). Väder, skördar och priser i Sverige. - Leijonhufuvud et al. (2010). Five centuries of Stockholm winter/spring temperatures reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations. - Wetter et al. (2014). The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case. - Retsö (2015). Documentary evidence of historical floods and extreme rainfall events in Sweden 1400–1800.本数据集提取了1500年至1870年期间瑞典与天气相关的各类历史文献记载信息。这些信息以引用文本形式呈现，并标注了对应信息所涉及的日期与地理区域。 由于该数据库本质上源自各类不同的历史文献资料（包括机构编年史、账目记录、私人天气日记等），其主要语言为瑞典语；但当原始文本使用其他语言且存在相关引用需求时，也会附带提供原文的其他语言版本。 如需了解更多信息，请参阅瑞典语版本的数据说明。 该数据库收录了1500–1870年期间来自多种类型文献的大量同期天气记载，涵盖日记中的直接观测记录、受天气影响的活动行政笔记、书信集、报纸文章等，内容覆盖现今瑞典国境范围内的天气状况。 ** 数据库文件结构与内容：** 该数据库以电子表格（XLSX）格式存储，同时也提供分号分隔文本文件（CSV，字符集：西欧编码 ISO-8859-15 / EURO）。文件大小分别为1.6 MB（XLSX）与4.1 MB（CSV），包含包括标题行在内的共20896行数据。 除主数据文件外，本数据集还包含XLSX格式的来源列表，该文件包含两个工作表：“未刊来源”（Otryckta källor）与“参考文献”（Bibliografi）。上述信息同样以两个逗号分隔的CSV文件形式提供（字符集：西欧编码 ISO-8859-15 / EURO）。 主数据库文件包含8列信息，表头如下（同时附带英文译法）： * 年份（År） * 月份（Månad） * 日期（Dag） * 其他时间标注（Annan tidsangivelse） * 区域（Område） * 天气状况（Väder） * 来源（Källa） * 附加引用/说明（Ytterligare hänvisning/information） 该数据库的主要语言为瑞典语，原文为古旧语言的引文均保留原始拼写形式。如需了解数据库内容的更详细说明，请参阅瑞典语版本的数据说明。 ** 主要来源与采集方法：** 本数据集通过系统查阅与该主题相关的现有档案材料与文献完成采集。所有被认为对气候史研究具有价值的信息均以引文或注释形式录入数据库，并为数据库中每一条数据（行）标注其来源材料。每条数据均对应一个大致明确的地理区域，以及具体日期或近似时间段。 数据采集主要通过三大渠道完成：未刊档案材料、已刊印来源及学术文献。 未刊档案材料主要取自瑞典国家档案馆（National Archives）。1500–1540年期间的数据主要来自瑞典外交档案总馆（Svenskt diplomatariums huvudkartotek, Sdhk）的数据库；在此之后的数据则主要取自国家登记处（Riksregistraturet）——即瑞典皇家办公厅（kungliga kansliet）所发书信的副本集——以及其他相关资料。此外，研究团队还查阅了大量未刊书信、日记、账目与报告。 其中一项规模尤为庞大的独立来源是玛尔塔·海伦娜·雷恩斯蒂尔纳（Märta Helena Reenstierna，被称为“厄斯塔庄园夫人”）于1793–1839年在斯德哥尔摩厄斯塔庄园撰写的日记，该日记现保存于北欧博物馆（Nordic Museum）档案馆中，其中包含大量当地天气状况的记载。本数据库中超过半数的条目均源自该厄斯塔日记。 已刊印来源包括诸如古斯塔夫·瓦萨（Gustav Vasa，瑞典国王古斯塔夫一世）的29卷书信集等文献出版物，以及瑞典皇家科学院的《学报》，其中收录了诸多气象观测记录。 学术文献类别则包含多部地方史研究著作，以及早期的气候史综述与解读作品，同时还参考了企业史与军事史相关文献。 ** 数据库构建过程中的主要研究人员：** 该数据库的主体构建工作于2006–2010年由斯德哥尔摩大学经济史系的约翰·索德贝里（Johan Söderberg）、洛塔·莱昂赫夫德（Lotta Leijonhufvud）、达格·雷茨奥（Dag Retsö）与乌尔丽卡·索德林德（Ulrica Söderlind）完成，项目由约翰·索德贝里主持。2019–2020年期间，由洛塔·莱昂赫夫德与斯德哥尔摩大学自然地理系的安德斯·莫伯格（Anders Moberg）合作完成了该数据库在瑞典国家数据服务中心（SND）发布前的审核与整理工作。 本数据库此前的未刊版本曾用于以下研究（详见出版物列表）： - 埃德维松等（Edvinsson et al., 2009）：《瑞典的天气、收成与物价》（Väder, skördar och priser i Sverige） - 莱昂赫夫德等（Leijonhufvud et al., 2010）：《基于文献证据与仪器观测重建的五个世纪斯德哥尔摩冬/春季气温》（Five centuries of Stockholm winter/spring temperatures reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations） - 韦特等（Wetter et al., 2014）：《1540年全年前所未有的欧洲高温与干旱：极端案例》（The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case） - 雷茨奥（Retsö, 2015）：《1400–1800年瑞典历史洪水与极端降雨事件的文献证据》（Documentary evidence of historical floods and extreme rainfall events in Sweden 1400–1800）