Data from: A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)

Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) is extremely diverse with an estimated 500 000 species. We present the first phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily based on both morphological and molecular data. A web-based, systematics workbench mx was used to score 945 character states illustrated by 648 figures for 233 morphological characters for a total of 66 645 observations for 300 taxa. The matrix covers 22 chalcidoid families recognized herein and includes 268 genera within 78 of 83 subfamilies. Morphological data were analysed alone and in combination with molecular data from ribosomal 18S (2105 bp) and 28S D2–D5 expansion regions (1812 bp). Analyses were analysed alone and in combined datasets using implied-weights parsimony and likelihood. Proposed changes in higher classification resulting from the analyses include: (i) recognition of Eriaporidae, revised status; (ii) recognition of Cynipencyrtidae, revised status; (iii) recognition of Azotidae, revised status; (iv) inclusion of Sycophaginae in Agaonidae, revised status; (v) reclassification of Aphelinidae to include Aphelininae, Calesinae, Coccophaginae, Eretmocerinae and Eriaphytinae; (vi) inclusion of Cratominae and Panstenoninae within Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae), new synonymy; (vii) inclusion of Epichrysomallinae in Pteromalidae, revised status. At a higher level, Chalcidoidea was monophyletic, with Mymaridae the sister group of Rotoitidae plus the remaining Chalcidoidea. A eulophid lineage was recovered that included Aphelinidae, Azotidae, Eulophidae, Signiphoridae, Tetracampidae and Trichogrammatidae. Eucharitidae and Perilampidae were monophyletic if Eutrichosomatinae (Pteromalidae) was included, and Eupelmidae was monophyletic if Oodera (Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae) was included. Likelihood recovered a clade of Eupelmidae + (Tanaostigmatidae + (Cynipencyrtus + Encyrtidae). Support for other lineages and their impact on the classification of Chalcidoidea is discussed. Several life-history traits are mapped onto the new phylogeny.

小蜂总科（Chalcidoidea，膜翅目Hymenoptera）物种多样性极高，预估现存物种达50万种。本研究首次基于形态学与分子数据，对该总科开展系统发育分析。本研究依托基于网页的系统学工作台mx，对300个分类单元的233个形态学性状（配套648幅示意图）的945个性状状态进行编码，总计得到66645条观测记录。本次分析涵盖本研究确认的22个小蜂总科类群，涉及83个亚科中的78个亚科下的268个属。研究分别单独分析形态学数据，以及结合核糖体18S（2105 bp）与28S D2-D5扩张区域（1812 bp）的分子数据开展分析。本研究采用加权简约法与似然法，分别对单独数据集及合并数据集开展系统发育分析。基于本次分析结果，本研究提出以下高阶分类体系调整方案：（1）恢复Eriaporidae的分类地位（修订状态）；（2）恢复Cynipencyrtidae的分类地位（修订状态）；（3）恢复Azotidae的分类地位（修订状态）；（4）将Sycophaginae亚科归入榕小蜂科（Agaonidae），修订其分类地位；（5）重新界定蚜小蜂科（Aphelinidae），将Aphelininae、Calesinae、Coccophaginae、Eretmocerinae及Eriaphytinae亚科纳入该科；（6）将Cratominae与Panstenoninae亚科归入金小蜂科（Pteromalidae）的Pteromalinae亚科，确立新异名；（7）将Epichrysomallinae亚科归入金小蜂科（Pteromalidae），修订其分类地位。在高阶分类单元层面，小蜂总科为单系群，柄翅小蜂科（Mymaridae）是Rotoitidae与其余小蜂总科类群的姊妹群。本研究检索到一支姬小蜂类群分支，包含蚜小蜂科（Aphelinidae）、Azotidae、姬小蜂科（Eulophidae）、长盾小蜂科（Signiphoridae）、四节小蜂科（Tetracampidae）以及赤眼蜂科（Trichogrammatidae）。若纳入Eutrichosomatinae亚科（金小蜂科），则褶翅小蜂科（Eucharitidae）与广肩小蜂科（Perilampidae）为单系群；若纳入Oodera属（金小蜂科：Cleonyminae亚科），则纹翅小蜂科（Eupelmidae）为单系群。似然法分析显示存在一支由纹翅小蜂科（Eupelmidae）+（长痣小蜂科（Tanaostigmatidae）+（Cynipencyrtus属 + 跳小蜂科（Encyrtidae）））组成的分支。本研究还讨论了其余分支的支持度及其对小蜂总科分类体系的影响。多项生活史性状被映射至本次构建的新系统发育树中。