Appendix Jugaad (literature analysis and Interview Analysis)

Dataset Description: Jugaad Innovation – Literature & Fieldwork
1. Composition of the Dataset

The dataset integrates two complementary sources of qualitative material that together provide a holistic view of Jugaad innovation as both a theoretical construct and a lived practice.

1.1 Literature-Based Thematic Analysis (119 studies)
This portion of the dataset is derived from academic scholarship, including journal articles, books, and reports that address the concept of Jugaad innovation. Each text is thematically coded, with definitions, interpretations, and discussions carefully categorized. A systematic color-coding framework highlights the recurring dimensions associated with Jugaad, such as improvisation, local sourcing, frugality, makeshift solutions, cost-effectiveness, adversity, informality, ethical ambiguity, and temporariness. This provides a consolidated map of how scholars have framed and problematized the term across different contexts and disciplines, enabling an understanding of both definitional diversity and thematic clustering.

1.2 Empirical Case Study Interviews (18 cases)
Complementing the literature analysis are 18 in-depth interviews with individuals and families who describe their own experiences of grassroots Jugaad practices. Each case is documented through multiple layers of qualitative analysis. The process begins with open coding, which captures the lived realities of financial scarcity, material scavenging, heuristic decision-making, and safety trade-offs. Memo writing then articulates the underlying drivers, processes, and compromises that shape these practices. The material is further enriched through theoretical integration, linking observed behaviours to established frameworks such as bounded rationality, satisficing, present bias, social learning, and risk normalization. The data is organized into axial categories, grouping evidence under financial, spatial, material, social, temporal, and environmental dimensions. Finally, each case identifies a core category-often revolving around “Improvised Survival Innovation”- and concludes with narratives that juxtapose present coping strategies with aspirational visions for the future.

The dataset is versatile and relevant to multiple domains of inquiry. For academic research, it offers a strong empirical and theoretical base for comparative studies of innovation under constraints. In policy and development studies, it highlights how low-resource communities innovate to cope with adversity, informing inclusive policy interventions. In design and engineering studies, it offers insights into alternative logics of problem-solving beyond formalized R&D. Finally, in cross-cultural analysis, it provides material for examining how a grassroots South Asian concept like Jugaad travels into global discourse, raising questions of translation, appropriation, and cultural specificity.

数据集说明：Jugaad创新（Jugaad Innovation）——文献与实地调研

本数据集整合了两类互补的定性资料，可全面展现Jugaad创新作为理论建构与鲜活实践的双重面貌。

1. 数据集构成
1.1 基于文献的主题分析（119项研究）
本部分数据集源自探讨Jugaad创新概念的学术研究成果，包括期刊论文、专著与研究报告。所有文本均已完成主题编码，其中定义、阐释与相关讨论均经过细致分类。通过系统化色彩编码框架，可清晰呈现Jugaad创新相关的重复出现核心维度，包括即兴适配、本土资源获取、节俭导向、权宜解决方案、成本效益、逆境应对、非正式运作、伦理模糊性与临时性等。本部分梳理了不同语境与学科背景下学者对该术语的框架界定与问题化梳理，整合形成概念图谱，可帮助研究者理解该术语的定义多样性与主题聚类特征。

1.2 实证案例访谈（18个案例）
本部分作为文献分析的补充，包含18场深度访谈，访谈对象为讲述自身草根Jugaad创新实践经历的个体与家庭。每个案例均通过多层定性分析进行记录：首先采用开放式编码，捕捉资金匮乏、就地取材、启发式决策与安全权衡等切身实践场景；随后通过备忘录写作法，梳理塑造此类实践的潜在驱动因素、实施流程与折中方案；进一步通过理论整合，将观察到的行为与有限理性、满意决策、现时偏向偏好、社会学习与风险常态化等既有理论框架相联结。数据被整理为主轴编码类别，按财务、空间、物质、社会、时间与环境维度进行分组；最终每个案例均提炼出核心类别——通常围绕“即兴生存创新”展开，并以叙事形式将当下的应对策略与未来的理想愿景并置呈现。

本数据集适用场景广泛，可支撑多领域研究。在学术研究领域，可为约束条件下的创新比较研究提供坚实的实证与理论基础；在政策与发展研究领域，可展现低资源社区如何通过创新应对逆境，为包容性政策干预提供参考；在设计与工程研究领域，可帮助研究者理解超越正规研发的另类问题解决逻辑；在跨文化分析领域，可用于探讨这类南亚草根概念如何进入全球话语体系，引发关于概念翻译、文化挪用与文化特异性的相关讨论。