Episodic fluid charging and mixing triggers calcite-bearing agates in the Permian Emeishan Basalt, SW China

Agate, a distinctive form of banded chalcedony, derives its characteristic appearance from the deposition of silica and the presence of impurities. A significant variety of agate-bearing calcite was identified in the Permian Emeishan Basalt located in the southwestern Sichuan Basin. This calcite-bearing agate provides valuable insights into the complex interplay and evolution of fluids and minerals. This study aims to provide a detailed description and analysis of the microscopic textural and geochemical characteristics of the agate, while elucidating the sequence of mineral deposition, fluid properties, and the genetic mechanism underlying its formation. The findings reveal that the agate primarily consists of lamellar calcite and banded chalcedony, exhibiting a variety of textures, thicknesses, and colours. Through the analysis of the transformation and precipitation of epidote and allanite, and the identification of four types of calcites and five micro-silica textures, it has been confirmed that the early stage of fluid in geodes involved the mixing of meteoric water with post-magmatic hydrothermal fluid. The middle and late stages involve the mixing of magmatic-hydrothermal fluid with organic-acid fluid. The charging of silica-rich hydrothermal fluids and the generation of hydrocarbons from organic matter cause fluctuations in SiO₂ concentration, pH, and crystallization rates, contributing to the diversity of silica minerals, such as chalcedony and quartz. The interlayered growth observed between chalcedony and calcite is attributed to secondary metasomatism, which occurs after the dehydration and transformation of chalcedony due to increasing temperatures. Notably, the internal texture of the agate is somewhat influenced by pressure variations caused by the episodic charging of the fluid.