Primate Group Size

1. Motivation Large primates are affected greatly by anthropogenic activities such as logging and urbanisation, which are destroying the land they live on. The database was created to monitor the patterns of time and the impact on the trait value ‘group size’ of these species. 2. Search Protocol Google scholar was used to collect the trait values and relevant information for the database. Search term; ‘species name’ group size in wild. This search phrase brought up papers that included the term group size and bolded the use of it in the papers. This made it easier to sift through google scholar and find the most relevant papers for that species. Once a suitable paper was found it was scanned for any figures of the mean group size. If there were multiple group datapoints then an average was taken. 3. Metadata The IUCN status of each primate was added to the database to see the impact it has on the observed group sizes compared to expected sizes. The months monitored were added to see if longer monitored group sizes were more accurate. The number of groups from each study were added to see if the more study groups had a higher impact on group size compared to studies with one to a couple of study groups. Family column was added to look for similarities in each group. 4. References Agostini, I. and Visalberghi, E. (2005). Social influences on the acquisition of sex-typical foraging patterns by juveniles in a group of wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus). American Journal of Primatology, 65(4), pp.335–351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20120 Astaras, C., Mühlenberg, M. and Waltert, M. (2007). Note on drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) ecology and conservation status in Korup National Park, Southwest Cameroon. American Journal of Primatology, 70(3), pp.306–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20489 Bermejo, M. (1999). Status and conservation of primates in Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. Oryx, 33(4), pp.323–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00081.x Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J and Wrangham, R.W. (1995). Ecological constraints on group size: an analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 36(1), pp.59–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00175729 Chapman, C.A. and Pavelka, M.S.M. (2004). Group size in folivorous primates: ecological constraints and the possible influence of social factors. Primates, 46(1), pp.1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-004-0093-9 Defler, T.R. (1996). Aspects of the ranging pattern in a group of wild woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha). American Journal of Primatology, 38(4), pp.289–302. DOI: doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)38:4<289::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-V DeLuycker, A.M. (2007). Notes on the Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey (Oreonax flavicauda) and Its Status in the Protected Forest of Alto Mayo, Northern Peru. Primate Conservation, 22(1), pp.41–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1896/052.022.0102 Dias, P.A.D., Coyohua-Fuentes, A., Canales-Espinosa, D. and Rangel-Negrín, A. (2015). Group Structure and Dynamics in Black Howlers (Alouatta pigra): A 7-year Perspective. International Journal of Primatology, 36(2), pp.311–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9827-3 Galvis, N., Link, A. and Di Fiore, A. (2014). A Novel Use of Camera Traps to Study Demography and Life History in Wild Animals: A Case Study of Spider Monkeys (Ateles belzebuth). International Journal of Primatology, 35(5), pp.908–918. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9791-3. ‌ Gatti, S., Levréro, F., Ménard, N. and Gautier-Hion, A. (2004). Population and group structure of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Lokoué, Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology, 63(3), pp.111–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20045 Haimoff, E.H., Yang, X.J., He, S.J. and Chen, N. (1987). Preliminary observations of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan province, people’s republic of China. Primates, 28(3), pp.319–335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02381015 Hubrecht, R.C. (1984). Field observations on group size and composition of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus), at Tapacura, Brazil. Primates, 25(1), pp.13–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02382291 ‌Kawabe, M. and Mano, T. (1972). Ecology and behavior of the wild proboscis monkey, Nasalis larvatus (Wurmb), in Sabah, Malaysia. Primates, 13(2), pp.213–227. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01840882 Kebebew, E. and Balakrishnan, M. (2016). Population Status, Group Size and Threat to Boutourlini’s Blue Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis boutourlinii) in Jibat Forest, West Showa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. World Journal of Zoology, 11(1), pp.34–44. Available at: https://idosi.org/wjz/wjz11(1)16/7.pdf [Accessed 11/02/2024] Kifle, Z., Belay, G. and Bekele, A. (2013). Population Size, Group Composition and Behavioural Ecology of Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) and Human-gelada Conflict in Wonchit Valley, Ethiopia. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(21), pp.1248–1259. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.1248.1259 Mackinnon, J. (1974). The behaviour and ecology of wild orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus). Animal Behaviour, 22(1), pp.3–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(74)80054-0 Magliocca, F., Querouil, S. and Gautier-Hion, A. (1999). Population structure and group composition of western lowland gorillas in North-Western Republic of Congos. American Journal of Primatology, 48(1), pp.1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<1::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-2 ‌ Mbora, D.N.M., Wieczkowski, J. and Munene, E. (2009). Links between habitat degradation, and social group size, ranging, fecundity, and parasite prevalence in the Tana River mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus). American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 140(3), pp.562–571. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21113 McNeilage, A., Robbins, M.M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri G. and Baker, J. (2006). Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 40(4), pp.419–427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001311 Ménard, N. and Vallet, D. (1993). Dynamics of fission in a wild Barbary macaque group (Macaca sylvanus). International Journal of Primatology, 14(3), pp.479–500. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02192778 ‌Murnyak, D.F. (1981). Censusing the gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Biological Conservation, 21(3), pp.163–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(81)90089-6 ‌Phan, T,D., Bosch, O.J.H., Nguyen N.C. and Le T.T. (2014). Dynamics and viability of the Critically Endangered Cat Ba Langur: A new perspective for conservation actions. Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the ISSS - 2013 HaiPhong, Vietnam. Available at: https://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings57th/article/view/2114 [Accessed 11/02/2024] Phiapalath, P. Borries, C. and Suwanwaree, P. (2011). Seasonality of group size, feeding, and breeding in wild red‐shanked douc langurs (Lao PDR). American Journal of Primatology, 73(11), pp.1134–1144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20980 Pride, R.E. (2005). Optimal group size and seasonal stress in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Behavioral Ecology, 16(3), pp.550–560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ari025 Radhakrishna, S. and Singh, M. (2002). Social Behaviour of the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus). Folia Primatologica, 73(4), pp.181–196. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000065426 Reichard, U. and Sommer, V. (1997). Group Encounters in Wild Gibbons (Hylobates Lar): Agonism, Affiliation, and the Concept of Infanticide. Behaviour, 134(15-16), pp.1135–1174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00106 Robbins, D., Chapman, C.A. and Wrangham, R.W. (1991). Group size and stability: Why do gibbons and spider monkeys differ? Primates, 32(3), pp.301–305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02382671 Schaik, C.P., Noordwijk, M.A., Boer, R.J., Tonkelaar, I. (1983). The effect of group size on time budgets and social behaviour in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 13(3), pp.173–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00299920 Stacey, P.B. (1986). Group size and foraging efficiency in yellow baboons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 18(3), pp.175–187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00290821 Strier, K.B., Boubli, J.P., Possamai, C.B. and Mendes, S.L. (2005). Population demography of Northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Estação Biológica de Caratinga/Reserva particular do Patrimônio Natural‐Felìciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 130(2), pp.227–237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20366 ‌ ‌Vasudev, D., Kumar, A., and Sinha, A. (2008). Resource distribution and group size in the common langur Semnopithecus entellus in southern India. American Journal of Primatology, 70(7), pp.680–689. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20549 ‌ Weber, A.W. and Vedder, A. (1983). Population dynamics of the virunga gorillas: 1959–1978. Biological Conservation, 26(4), pp.341–366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(83)90096-4 Wijtten, Z., Hankinson, E., Pellissier, T., Nuttall, M. and Lemarkat, R. (2012). Activity Budgets of Peters’ Angola Black-and-White Colobus (Colobus angolensis palliatus) in an East African Coastal Forest. African Primates, 7(2), pp.203-210. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1b234637ed109fe63881b531e5f298e248151091 Yamagiwa, J. (1983). Diachronic changes in two eastern lowland gorilla groups (Gorilla gorilla graueri) in the Mt. Kahuzi Region, Zaïre. Primates, 24(2), pp.174–183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02381080 Yanuar (2009). The Population Distribution and Abundance of Siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) and Agile Gibbons (Hylobates agilis) in West Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Springer eBooks, pp.453–465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-6_21 ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌1. 研究背景 大型灵长类动物深受伐木、城市化等人类活动的严重影响，其栖息生境正遭到持续破坏。本数据库旨在监测相关时间动态模式，并探究人类活动对这些物种「群大小」这一特征性状值的影响。 2. 检索方案 本研究以谷歌学术（Google Scholar）作为检索工具，采集数据库所需的性状值及相关信息。检索式为：「物种学名 野生种群群大小」，该检索式可精准定位包含群大小术语的文献，并在文献中高亮显示该关键词，便于快速筛选与目标物种高度相关的研究文献。获取符合要求的文献后，需提取其中记录的平均群大小数据；若存在多组群大小观测值，则计算其算术平均值以统一纳入数据库。 3. 元数据 本数据库纳入了各灵长类物种的国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）保护等级，用于分析其与观测群大小及预期群大小之间的关联；同时记录了各项研究的监测时长，以探究监测周期长短对群大小数据准确性的影响；此外还统计了每项研究涉及的群数量，用于比较多群研究与少量群（1~2组）研究对群大小分析结果的影响差异；增设「科」分类字段，以挖掘类群间的共性特征。 4. 参考文献 Agostini, I. 与 Visalberghi, E. (2005). 野生黑卷尾猴（Cebus nigritus）幼崽获取性别典型觅食模式的社会影响. 《美国灵长类学杂志》, 65(4), 第335–351页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20120 Astaras, C., Mühlenberg, M. 与 Waltert, M. (2007). 喀麦隆西南部科鲁普国家公园的彩面山魈（Mandrillus leucophaeus）生态学与保护现状评述. 《美国灵长类学杂志》, 70(3), 第306–310页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20489 Bermejo, M. (1999). 刚果共和国奥扎拉国家公园的灵长类种群现状与保护. 《羚羊》, 33(4), 第323–331页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00081.x Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J. 与 Wrangham, R.W. (1995). 群大小的生态限制：蜘蛛猴与黑猩猩亚群的分析. 《行为生态学与社会生物学》, 36(1), 第59–70页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00175729 Chapman, C.A. 与 Pavelka, M.S.M. (2004). 叶食性灵长类的群大小：生态限制与社会因素的潜在影响. 《灵长类》, 46(1), 第1–9页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-004-0093-9 Defler, T.R. (1996). 野生绒毛猴（Lagothrix lagothricha）的活动范围模式研究. 《美国灵长类学杂志》, 38(4), 第289–302页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)38:4<289::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-V DeLuycker, A.M. (2007). 秘鲁北部阿尔托马约保护林内的黄尾绒毛猴（Oreonax flavicauda）及其种群现状评述. 《灵长类保护》, 22(1), 第41–47页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1896/052.022.0102 Dias, P.A.D., Coyohua-Fuentes, A., Canales-Espinosa, D. 与 Rangel-Negrín, A. (2015). 黑吼猴（Alouatta pigra）的群结构与动态：7年追踪研究. 《国际灵长类学杂志》, 36(2), 第311–331页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9827-3 Galvis, N., Link, A. 与 Di Fiore, A. (2014). 利用红外相机研究野生动物种群统计与生活史：以棕蜘蛛猴（Ateles belzebuth）为例. 《国际灵长类学杂志》, 35(5), 第908–918页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9791-3 Gatti, S., Levréro, F., Ménard, N. 与 Gautier-Hion, A. (2004). 刚果共和国洛库埃地区西部低地大猩猩（Gorilla gorilla gorilla）的种群与群结构. 《美国灵长类学杂志》, 63(3), 第111–123页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20045 Haimoff, E.H., Yang, X.J., He, S.J. 与 Chen, N. (1987). 中华人民共和国云南省野生黑冠长臂猿（Hylobates concolor concolor）的初步观察. 《灵长类》, 28(3), 第319–335页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02381015 Hubrecht, R.C. (1984). 巴西塔帕库拉地区普通狨猴（Callithrix jacchus jacchus）的群大小与组成的野外观察. 《灵长类》, 25(1), 第13–21页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02382291 Kawabe, M. 与 Mano, T. (1972). 马来西亚沙巴州野生长鼻猴（Nasalis larvatus (Wurmb)）的生态学与行为. 《灵长类》, 13(2), 第213–227页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01840882 Kebebew, E. 与 Balakrishnan, M. (2016). 埃塞俄比亚奥罗米亚地区西绍瓦区吉巴特森林的布图林青猴（Cercopithecus mitis boutourlinii）种群现状、群大小及面临的威胁. 《世界动物学杂志》, 11(1), 第34–44页. 可获取于: https://idosi.org/wjz/wjz11(1)16/7.pdf [访问时间: 2024/02/11] Kifle, Z., Belay, G. 与 Bekele, A. (2013). 埃塞俄比亚翁恰特山谷的狮尾狒（Theropithecus gelada）种群大小、群组成与行为生态学及人-狒冲突. 《巴基斯坦生物科学杂志》, 16(21), 第1248–1259页. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.1248.1259 Mackinnon, J. (1974). 野生婆罗洲猩猩（Pongo pygmaeus）的行为与生态学. 《动物行为》, 22(1), 第3–74页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(74)80054-0 Magliocca, F., Querouil, S. 与 Gautier-Hion, A. (1999). 刚果共和国西北部西部低地大猩猩的种群结构与群组成. 《美国灵长类学杂志》, 48(1), 第1–14页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<1::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-2 Mbora, D.N.M., Wieczkowski, J. 与 Munene, E. (2009). 塔纳河白眉猴（Cercocebus galeritus）的生境退化与群大小、活动范围、繁殖力及寄生虫感染率之间的关联. 《美国生物人类学杂志》, 140(3), 第562–571页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21113 McNeilage, A., Robbins, M.M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri G. 与 Baker, J. (2006). 乌干达布温迪禁猎国家公园的山地大猩猩（Gorilla beringei beringei）种群普查. 《羚羊》, 40(4), 第419–427页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001311 Ménard, N. 与 Vallet, D. (1993). 野生巴巴利猕猴（Macaca sylvanus）群的裂变动态. 《国际灵长类学杂志》, 14(3), 第479–500页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02192778 Murnyak, D.F. (1981). 卡胡齐-比埃加国家公园的大猩猩种群普查. 《生物保护》, 21(3), 第163–176页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(81)90089-6 Phan, T.D., Bosch, O.J.H., Nguyen N.C. 与 Le T.T. (2014). 极危物种白头叶猴（Trachypithecus poliocephalus）的种群动态与生存能力：保护行动的新视角. 2013年第57届国际系统与进化生物学学会年会论文集 - 越南海防. 可获取于: https://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings57th/article/view/2114 [访问时间: 2024/02/11] Phiapalath, P., Borries, C. 与 Suwanwaree, P. (2011). 老挝人民民主共和国野生红腿白臀叶猴的群大小、取食与繁殖的季节变化. 《美国灵长类学杂志》, 73(11), 第1134–1144页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20980 Pride, R.E. (2005). 环尾狐猴（Lemur catta）的最优群大小与季节应激. 《行为生态学》, 16(3), 第550–560页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ari025 Radhakrishna, S. 与 Singh, M. (2002). 瘦懒猴（Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus）的社会行为. 《灵长类学杂志》, 73(4), 第181–196页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000065426 Reichard, U. 与 Sommer, V. (1997). 野生长臂猿（Hylobates Lar）的群相遇：争斗、亲和行为与杀婴假说. 《行为》, 134(15-16), 第1135–1174页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00106 Robbins, D., Chapman, C.A. 与 Wrangham, R.W. (1991). 群大小与稳定性：为何长臂猿与蜘蛛猴存在差异？《灵长类》, 32(3), 第301–305页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02382671 Schaik, C.P. van, Noordwijk, M.A., Boer, R.J., Tonkelaar, I. (1983). 群大小对野生食蟹猕猴（Macaca fascicularis）时间分配与社会行为的影响. 《行为生态学与社会生物学》, 13(3), 第173–181页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00299920 Stacey, P.B. (1986). 黄狒狒的群大小与觅食效率. 《行为生态学与社会生物学》, 18(3), 第175–187页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00290821 Strier, K.B., Boubli, J.P., Possamai, C.B. 与 Mendes, S.L. (2005). 巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州卡拉廷加生物站/费利西亚诺·米格尔·阿瓦拉尔私人自然遗产保护区的北方绒毛蛛猴（Brachyteles hypoxanthus）种群统计. 《美国生物人类学杂志》, 130(2), 第227–237页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20366 Vasudev, D., Kumar, A. 与 Sinha, A. (2008). 印度南部普通叶猴（Semnopithecus entellus）的资源分布与群大小. 《美国灵长类学杂志》, 70(7), 第680–689页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20549 Weber, A.W. 与 Vedder, A. (1983). 维龙加地区大猩猩的种群动态：1959–1978. 《生物保护》, 26(4), 第341–366页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(83)90096-4 Wijtten, Z., Hankinson, E., Pellissier, T., Nuttall, M. 与 Lemarkat, R. (2012). 东非沿海森林中彼得氏安哥拉黑白疣猴（Colobus angolensis palliatus）的活动时间分配. 《非洲灵长类》, 7(2), 第203–210页. 可获取于: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1b234637ed109fe63881b531e5f298e248151091 Yamagiwa, J. (1983). 扎伊尔卡胡齐山区两个东部低地大猩猩群（Gorilla gorilla graueri）的历时变化. 《灵长类》, 24(2), 第174–183页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02381080 Yanuar (2009). 印度尼西亚苏门答腊中西部的合趾猿（Symphalangus syndactylus）与敏捷长臂猿（Hylobates agilis）的种群分布与数量. 《施普林格电子书》, 第453–465页. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-6_21