A classification framework for Bacillus anthracis defined by global genomic structure

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a considerable
global health threat affecting wildlife, livestock, and the general
public. In this study whole-genome sequence analysis of over 350 B.
anthracis isolates was used to establish a new high-resolution global
genotyping framework that is both biogeographically informative, and
compatible with multiple genomic assays. The data presented in this study
shed new light on the diverse global dissemination of this species and
indicate that many lineages may be uniquely suited to the geographic
regions in which they are found. In addition, we demonstrate that plasmid
genomic structure for this species is largely consistent with chromosomal
population structure, suggesting vertical inheritance in this bacterium
has contributed to its evolutionary persistence. This classification
methodology is the first based on population genomic structure for this
species and has potential use for local and broader institutions seeking
to understand both disease outbreak origins and recent introductions. In
addition, we provide access to a newly developed genotyping script as well
as the full whole genome sequence analyses output for this study, allowing
future studies to rapidly employ and append their data in the context of
this global collection. This framework may act as a powerful tool for
public health agencies, wildlife disease laboratories, and researchers
seeking to utilize and expand this classification scheme for further
investigations into B. anthracis evolution.