The effect of HA on the bacterial toxicity of GNSs

Since its discovery in 2004, graphene nanosheets (GNSs) have been extensively studied for their unique properties that enabe multiple applications, including in electronics, catalysis, biomedicine, and environmental fields.The global graphene market is predicted to rise from $620 million in 2020 to $1.48 billion in 2025.3 However, with the increasing production and widespread application of GNSs, there is also an increased likelihood of GNSs-based waste entering the aquatic environment, raising cocners over potential environmental damage.