Sex-specific expression of inducible detoxification genes in bumblebee workers and males orally exposed to clothianidin at a sub-lethal daily dose over 5 consecutive days.

Phase 1 detoxification processes include oxidation, hydrolysis, and reduction reactions while Phase 2 processes include conjugation reactions. Expression levels were determined through RNAseq analysis. Upper portion = genes with increased expression in workers; lower portion = genes with increased expression in males. Clothianidin-inducible genes were initially identified by comparing transcriptomic expression patterns between individuals fed either 5ppb clothianidin solution or the same volume of solution containing 1.4% DMSO (vehicle control) solution separately for each sex and then pooling genes with significantly altered expression together.