SMARTCARB wind fields

The dataset contains wind fields generated with the COSMO-GHG atmospheric transport model in the SMARTCARB project. The SMARTCARB project was a support study funded by ESA, where synthetic satellite CO2, CO and NO2 observations were generated for the Copernicus CO2 Monitoring (CO2M) satellite constellation and the Sentinel-5 satellite instrument. The satellite observations are available here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4048228. The results of the SMARTCARB study have been published in several papers: Brunner et al. 2019, Kuhlmann et al. 2019, 2020 and 2021. The model domain is about 750 km in the east-west and 650 km in the south-north direction. The domain was centered over the city of Berlin and includes several power plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The spatial resolution was 1.1 km × 1.1 km. The wind fields in this dataset are taken from the COSMO-GHG simulations from 1st January to 24th December 2015 at 11 UTC, which is the CO2M overpass time over Europe. The U and V components are rotated to have true eastward and northward winds (instead of the rotated components written by COSMO-GHG). The dataset contains the following wind fields: `U` and `V` profiles for the lowest 40 model layers. The height of the model levels is given by the HHL variable. `U_10M` and `V_10M` are the wind speeds at 10 m above ground. `U_GNFR_A` and `V_GNFR_A` are winds vertically weighted with the emission profile for power plants used in the simulations (see Brunner et al. 2019 for details). The output below shows the structure of the netCDF files (using ncdump -h): netcdf SMARTCARB_winds_2015010111 {dimensions: rlat = 600 ; rlon = 700 ; time = 1 ; level = 40 ; level1 = 41 ;variables: double rlat(rlat) ; rlat:_FillValue = NaN ; double rlon(rlon) ; rlon:_FillValue = NaN ; int64 time(time) ; time:units = "days since 2015-01-01 11:00:00" ; time:calendar = "proleptic_gregorian" ; float height_10m ; height_10m:_FillValue = NaNf ; height_10m:standard_name = "height" ; height_10m:long_name = "height above the surface" ; height_10m:units = "m" ; height_10m:positive = "up" ; float U(time, level, rlat, rlon) ; U:_FillValue = NaNf ; U:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ; U:long_name = "U-component of wind" ; U:units = "m s-1" ; U:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; U:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float V(time, level, rlat, rlon) ; V:_FillValue = NaNf ; V:standard_name = "northward_wind" ; V:long_name = "V-component of wind" ; V:units = "m s-1" ; V:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; V:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float lon(rlat, rlon) ; lon:_FillValue = NaNf ; lon:standard_name = "longitude" ; lon:long_name = "longitude" ; lon:units = "degrees_east" ; float lat(rlat, rlon) ; lat:_FillValue = NaNf ; lat:standard_name = "latitude" ; lat:long_name = "latitude" ; lat:units = "degrees_north" ; float U_10M(time, rlat, rlon) ; U_10M:_FillValue = NaNf ; U_10M:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ; U_10M:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; U_10M:units = "m s-1" ; U_10M:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float V_10M(time, rlat, rlon) ; V_10M:_FillValue = NaNf ; V_10M:standard_name = "northward_wind" ; V_10M:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; V_10M:units = "m s-1" ; V_10M:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float HHL(time, level1, rlat, rlon) ; HHL:_FillValue = NaNf ; HHL:standard_name = "altitude" ; HHL:long_name = "height" ; HHL:units = "m" ; HHL:grid_mapping = "rotated_pole" ; HHL:positive = "up" ; HHL:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float U_GNFR_A(time, rlat, rlon) ; U_GNFR_A:_FillValue = NaNf ; U_GNFR_A:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ; U_GNFR_A:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; U_GNFR_A:units = "m s-1" ; U_GNFR_A:long_name = "U-component of wind weighted with GNFR-A emission profile" ; U_GNFR_A:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float V_GNFR_A(time, rlat, rlon) ; V_GNFR_A:_FillValue = NaNf ; V_GNFR_A:standard_name = "northward_wind" ; V_GNFR_A:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; V_GNFR_A:units = "m s-1" ; V_GNFR_A:long_name = "V-component of wind weighted with GNFR-A emission profile" ; V_GNFR_A:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; // global attributes: :CREATOR = "Gerrit Kuhlmann" ; :EMAIL = "[e-mail]" ; :ORIGIN = "SMARTCARB COSMO-GHG simulations" ; :DATE\ CREATED = "Tue Aug 23 09:42:59 2022" ; References D. Brunner, G. Kuhlmann, J. Marshal, V. Clément, O. Fuhrer, G. Broquet, A. Löscher, and Y. Meijer: Accounting for the vertical distribution of emissions in atmospheric CO2 simulations, Atm. Chem. Phys., doi: 10.5194/acp-19-4541-2019, 2019. G. Kuhlmann, G. Broquet, J. Marshall, V. Clément, A. Löscher, Y. Meijer, and D. Brunner: Detectability of CO2 emission plumes of cities and power plants with the Copernicus Anthropogenic CO2 Monitoring (CO2M) mission, At-mos. Meas. Tech., doi: 10.5194/amt-12-6695-2019, 2019. G. Kuhlmann, D. Brunner, G. Broquet, and Y. Meijer: Quantifying CO2 emissions of a city with the Copernicus An-thropogenic CO2 Monitoring satellite mission, Atmos. Meas. Tech., doi: 10.5194/amt-13-6733-2020, 2020. G. Kuhlmann, S. Henne, Y. Meijer and D. Brunner: Quantifying CO2 emissions of power plants with CO2 and NO2 imaging satellites, Front. Remote Sens., doi: 10.3389/frsen.2021.689838, 2021.本数据集包含由SMARTCARB项目中的COSMO-GHG大气传输模型生成的风场。SMARTCARB项目是由欧洲空间局（ESA, European Space Agency）资助的支撑性研究，其为哥白尼二氧化碳监测（CO2M, Copernicus CO2 Monitoring）卫星星座以及哨兵-5（Sentinel-5）卫星载荷生成了合成的卫星二氧化碳（CO₂）、一氧化碳（CO）和二氧化氮（NO₂）观测数据。相关卫星观测数据可在以下网址获取：https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4048228。SMARTCARB项目的研究成果已发表于多篇学术论文：Brunner等人2019年的研究，以及Kuhlmann等人2019、2020和2021年的相关成果。 该模型模拟区域东西向跨度约750千米，南北向跨度约650千米，以德国柏林市为中心，涵盖德国及周边多国的多座发电厂。模拟区域的空间分辨率为1.1千米×1.1千米。本数据集的风场取自2015年1月1日至12月24日每日11时（协调世界时，UTC）的COSMO-GHG模拟结果，该时刻恰为CO2M卫星飞越欧洲上空的过境时间。数据中的U、V风分量已被旋转调整为标准的东向和北向风（而非COSMO-GHG模型原始输出的旋转分量）。 本数据集包含以下风场数据： 1. 最低40个模型层的U、V风廓线。模型各层的高度由HHL变量给出。 2. U_10M和V_10M：距离地面10米高度处的近地面风分量。 3. U_GNFR_A和V_GNFR_A：依据本次模拟中使用的发电厂排放廓线进行垂直加权后的风分量（详细说明可参见Brunner等人2019年的研究）。 以下展示该数据集netCDF（网络通用数据格式）文件的结构（使用ncdump -h命令生成）： netcdf SMARTCARB_winds_2015010111 { dimensions: rlat = 600 ; rlon = 700 ; time = 1 ; level = 40 ; level1 = 41 ; variables: double rlat(rlat) ; rlat:_FillValue = NaN ; double rlon(rlon) ; rlon:_FillValue = NaN ; int64 time(time) ; time:units = "days since 2015-01-01 11:00:00" ; time:calendar = "proleptic_gregorian" ; float height_10m ; height_10m:_FillValue = NaNf ; height_10m:standard_name = "height" ; height_10m:long_name = "height above the surface" ; height_10m:units = "m" ; height_10m:positive = "up" ; float U(time, level, rlat, rlon) ; U:_FillValue = NaNf ; U:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ; U:long_name = "U-component of wind" ; U:units = "m s-1" ; U:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; U:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float V(time, level, rlat, rlon) ; V:_FillValue = NaNf ; V:standard_name = "northward_wind" ; V:long_name = "V-component of wind" ; V:units = "m s-1" ; V:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; V:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float lon(rlat, rlon) ; lon:_FillValue = NaNf ; lon:standard_name = "longitude" ; lon:long_name = "longitude" ; lon:units = "degrees_east" ; float lat(rlat, rlon) ; lat:_FillValue = NaNf ; lat:standard_name = "latitude" ; lat:long_name = "latitude" ; lat:units = "degrees_north" ; float U_10M(time, rlat, rlon) ; U_10M:_FillValue = NaNf ; U_10M:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ; U_10M:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; U_10M:units = "m s-1" ; U_10M:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float V_10M(time, rlat, rlon) ; V_10M:_FillValue = NaNf ; V_10M:standard_name = "northward_wind" ; V_10M:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; V_10M:units = "m s-1" ; V_10M:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float HHL(time, level1, rlat, rlon) ; HHL:_FillValue = NaNf ; HHL:standard_name = "altitude" ; HHL:long_name = "height" ; HHL:units = "m" ; HHL:grid_mapping = "rotated_pole" ; HHL:positive = "up" ; HHL:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float U_GNFR_A(time, rlat, rlon) ; U_GNFR_A:_FillValue = NaNf ; U_GNFR_A:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ; U_GNFR_A:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; U_GNFR_A:units = "m s-1" ; U_GNFR_A:long_name = "U-component of wind weighted with GNFR-A emission profile" ; U_GNFR_A:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; float V_GNFR_A(time, rlat, rlon) ; V_GNFR_A:_FillValue = NaNf ; V_GNFR_A:standard_name = "northward_wind" ; V_GNFR_A:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ; V_GNFR_A:units = "m s-1" ; V_GNFR_A:long_name = "V-component of wind weighted with GNFR-A emission profile" ; V_GNFR_A:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ; // global attributes: :CREATOR = "Gerrit Kuhlmann" ; :EMAIL = "[e-mail]" ; :ORIGIN = "SMARTCARB COSMO-GHG simulations" ; :DATE CREATED = "Tue Aug 23 09:42:59 2022" ; 参考文献 D. Brunner、G. Kuhlmann、J. Marshall、V. Clément、O. Fuhrer、G. Broquet、A. Löscher及Y. Meijer：《考虑大气CO₂模拟中排放的垂直分布特征》，*Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics*，doi: 10.5194/acp-19-4541-2019，2019年。 G. Kuhlmann、G. Broquet、J. Marshall、V. Clément、A. Löscher、Y. Meijer及D. Brunner：《利用哥白尼人为源CO₂监测（CO2M）卫星任务探测城市与发电厂的CO₂排放羽流》，*Atmospheric Measurement Techniques*，doi: 10.5194/amt-12-6695-2019，2019年。 G. Kuhlmann、D. Brunner、G. Broquet及Y. Meijer：《利用哥白尼人为源CO₂监测卫星任务量化城市的CO₂排放量》，*Atmospheric Measurement Techniques*，doi: 10.5194/amt-13-6733-2020，2020年。 G. Kuhlmann、S. Henne、Y. Meijer及D. Brunner：《利用CO₂与NO₂成像卫星量化发电厂的CO₂排放量》，*Frontiers in Remote Sensing*，doi: 10.3389/frsen.2021.689838，2021年。