Phytoplankton communities of three major Spanish ports (Algeciras, Bilbao and Valencia)

The present study aims to analyze the phytoplankton communities of three major Spanish ports (Algeciras, Bilbao and Valencia) in the context of ballast water regulations, by quantifying the size distribution and composition of the communities, with special emphasis on the presence of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-forming species. This analysis seeks to evaluate the potential biosecurity risks associated with maritime traffic and the unintentional translocation of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) and Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens (HAOP) in these ports. By addressing these aspects, this study provides valuable insights into the limitations of current regulatory measures established in the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention, as well as the remaining challenges for the effective management of ballast water concerning phytoplankton.