Symbiont replacement and subsequent genome erosion reshape a dual obligate aphid symbiosis

Many insects rely on obligate microbial symbioses, often involving multiple partners. Although symbiont replacement is well-documented, how newly acquired and resident obligate symbionts adapt after such events remains unclear. Here, we investigate the dual obligate symbiosis of the aphid Lachnus tropicalis, where an ancestral Serratia lineage was replaced by a newly acquired another Serratia lineage while the primary symbiont Buchnera remained. Our metagenomic sequencing yielded complete genomes of Buchnera (0.42 Mb) and Serratia (2.8 Mb), revealing developing metabolic complementarity. Although the Serratia genome retained abundant gene sets for amino acid synthesis, it also contained pseudogenes in leucine and methionine pathways, which would be compensated for by Buchnera or the host. Comparison with L. roboris, which harbors the ancestral Serratia lineage, showed that the newly acquired Serratia in L. tropicalis exhibits identical tissue localization and vertical transmission pattern, suggesting the smooth succession of the prior’s microniche. Notably, Buchnera in L. tropicalis exhibited a slightly more degenerated genome than its counterpart in L. roboris, indicating that symbiont replacement can accelerate gene loss even in ancient symbionts. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the dynamics of novel mutualism establishment and highlight symbiont replacement as a driver of host-symbiont co-evolution.