Alignments of PSGs along with the crucial primate nodes

Comparative analysis of primate genomes within a phylogenetic context is crucial for understanding the evolution of human genetic architecture and the diversity of primates. Here, we present a phylogenomic study of 50 primate species spanning 38 genera and 14 families, including 27 new genomes first reported in this study with many from previously less represented groups, the New World monkeys and Strepsirrhini. Our analyses reveal heterogeneous rates of genomic rearrangement and gene evolution across primate lineages. Thousands of genes were under positive selection in different lineages that have roles in the nervous, skeletal and digestive systems and may have contributed to primate innovations and adaptations. Our study reveals many key genomic innovations occurred in the Simiiformes ancestral node that may have profound impacts on the radiation of Simiiformes and human evolution.

在系统发育框架下开展灵长类基因组的比较分析，对于解析人类遗传结构的演化历程以及理解灵长类的物种多样性至关重要。本研究针对覆盖38个属、14个科的50种灵长类物种开展系统发育基因组学分析，其中包含本研究首次报道的27个全新基因组，且样本多来自此前研究覆盖度较低的类群——新世界猴（New World monkeys）与原猴亚目（Strepsirrhini）。本研究的分析结果显示，不同灵长类支系的基因组重排速率与基因演化速率存在显著异质性。数千个基因在不同灵长类支系中受到正选择（positive selection），这些基因多参与神经、骨骼与消化系统的生理过程，可能与灵长类的演化创新及适应性演化密切相关。本研究还发现，类人猿亚目（Simiiformes）的祖先节点上发生了多项关键基因组创新事件，这些事件可能对类人猿亚目的物种辐射演化以及人类的演化历程产生了深远影响。