Development Of A Spheroid Preclinical Model Of MDA-MB-468 Triple-Negative Human Breast Cancer Cells To Evaluate The Anticancer Effects Of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction From Palm Oil

Triple-negative breast cancer, a variant that predominantly affects younger women, poses significant treatment challenges. In this research, we employed a three-dimensional model of triple-negative cancer cells and patient-derived tissues, which closely mimic the in-body cancer microenvironment, to examine the effects of Vitamin E tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on this breast cancer model. Our findings demonstrated that TRF exhibited cytotoxicity in the 3D culture, and we identified several novel cellular mechanisms through which it exerts its actions.