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Remote Sensing and Modeling of Permafrost and Hydrology [3. Permafrost Models: Russia]

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Scientific Personnel V. E. Romanovsky, S. S. Marchenko, R.R. Muskett Partner Organizations:  Alaska Ecoscience, USA Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany Centre d'etudes Nordiques, Department de Geographie, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark Institute of Earth Cryosphere, Russia Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Department of Geography & Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Canada International Arctic Research Center, UAF International Permafrost Association, USA Melinkov Permafrost Institute, Russia Moscow Institute of Geography, Russia Academy of Sciences National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning (SNAP), UAF Stokholm University, Sweden University of Delaware, USA University of New Hampshire, USA Water Environment Research Center, UAF Local Collaborators:  Jorgenson, M.T., Alaska Ecoscience, AK Kholodov, A.L., Geophysical Institute, UAF Daanen, R., Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Kanevskiy M., Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Shur, Y., Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Walsh, J., International Arctic Research Center, UAF Fresco, N., Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Sciences, UAF Rupp, S., Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Sciences, UAF Walter-Anthony, K., Water Environmental Research Center, UAF International Collaborators:  Christensen, J., Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark Comiso, J., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Oceans and Ice Branch, USA Duguay, C. R., University of Waterloo, Canada Frolking, S., Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, USA Georgiadi, A., Moscow Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences Groisman, P., National Climatic Data Center, USA Hachem, S., Université Laval, Québec, Canada Hubberten, H.-W., Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany Harden Jennifer, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA Kattsov, V., Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia Kuhry, P., Stockholm University, Sweden Lawrence, D., National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA Malkova, G., Institute of Earth Cryosphere, Russia Pavlova, T., Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia Rawlins, M., University of New Hampshire, USA Rinke, A., Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany Romanovskii, N., Moscow State University, Russia Saito, K., Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology, Japan Shiklomanov, N., University of Delaware, USA Shiklomanov, A., University of New Hampshire, USA Shkolnik, I.M., Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia Schirrmeister L, Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany Schuur A.G. Edward, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Stendel, M., Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark Wisser, D., Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, USA Zheleznyak, M., Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia Funding:  NSF Grants OPP ARC-0652838 [ARC-0520578 and ARC-0632400] NASA (NNOG6M48G), Alaska EPSCoR (NSF) The State of Alaska Study Sites Permafrost Freshwater Interactions Alaska, Canada, Russia Permafrost Observatories?Thermal state of permafrost in Russia and Central Asia Permafrost Freshwater Interactions Project continues investigations began during the Thermal State of Permafrost (TSP) Project with renewed and expanded collaboration. Our efforts focus and expand on permafrost and hydrology changes through geophysical modeling and remote sensing (satellite geodesy). During TSP in cooperation with above mentioned Russian partners a large number of existing boreholes have been identified for possible measurements (candidate sites). Many of these have metadata files on the IPA coordinated GTN-P website. Additional sites will be added to the web site. New boreholes over the next several years are planned. A total of 320 boreholes, located in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia were considered from the point of view of possibility for continuous geothermal observations (see Figure). Boreholes cover all types of permafrost, from continuous to sporadic, both on the plains and in the mountains. Active (sites where regular observations were carried out recently and are intended to continue in the future), candidate (where equipment for long-term observations can be installed soon), potential (equipment for long-term observation is planned to be installed during the project) and historical (there are some existing data but now these sites are unavailable for observations for different reasons) boreholes were selected. In order to standardize all investigations within the framework of the Project the “Manual for monitoring and reporting temperature data in permafrost boreholes” was developed. It allows better standardized collection, handling and interpretation of obtained data. In the Protocol two types of observation strategies are proposed: Type 1: Long-term high-frequency (hourly to daily) continuous observations in the limited number of key boreholes, which are representative of a given regions (note: these more frequent observations are desirable to depths of 15-20 meters); Type 2: Occasional or periodical measurements in the other available and deeper boreholes (if possible annual or more frequently). As a minimum, and based primarily on cost considerations for the IPY-TSP program, the use of HOBO U12 4-External Channel Data Loggerswith temperature sensors TMC-HD are proposed. At the same time, individual participants can employ other types of loggers and/or thermal cables (chains) with similar sensor characteristics. Research Goals The goal of our research is to obtain a deeper understanding of the temporal (interannual and decadal time scales) and spatial (north to south and west to east) variability and trends in the permafrost temperatures and physical changes (such as talik and the active layer) in the North of Eurasia and Alaska to develop more reliable predictive capabilities for the projection of these changes into the 21st century. We are employing ground datasets from the global permafrost temperature networks, global positioning system sites of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame organization, together with satellite-derived datasets of physical parameters such as land-surface temperature, gravity field changes, river runoff and snow water equivalent to name a few. Our modeling efforts employ the Geophysical Institute Permafrost Models (GIPL) and Geophysical Inverse Potential Field Theory.

科研人员 V. E. 罗曼诺夫斯基(V. E. Romanovsky)、S. S. 马尔琴科(S. S. Marchenko)、R.R. 马斯克特(R.R. Muskett) 合作机构 美国阿拉斯加生态科学中心(Alaska Ecoscience, USA) 德国阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所(Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany) 加拿大魁北克拉瓦尔大学地理系北极研究中心(Centre d'etudes Nordiques, Department de Geographie, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada) 丹麦气象研究所(Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark) 俄罗斯地球冰冻圈研究所(Institute of Earth Cryosphere, Russia) 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校(UAF)北方工程研究所(Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF) 加拿大滑铁卢大学气候变迁跨学科研究中心与地理与环境管理系(Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Department of Geography & Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Canada) 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校(UAF)国际北极研究中心(International Arctic Research Center, UAF) 国际冻土协会(International Permafrost Association, USA) 俄罗斯梅利尼科夫冻土研究所(Melinkov Permafrost Institute, Russia) 俄罗斯科学院莫斯科地理研究所(Moscow Institute of Geography, Russia Academy of Sciences) 美国国家大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA) 美国国家航空航天局(NASA)戈达德航天飞行中心(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA) 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校(UAF)阿拉斯加规划情景网络(Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, SNAP) 瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学(Stockholm University, Sweden) 美国特拉华大学(University of Delaware, USA) 美国新罕布什尔大学(University of New Hampshire, USA) 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校(UAF)水环境研究中心(Water Environment Research Center, UAF) 本地合作人员 M.T. 约根森(M.T. Jorgenson),美国阿拉斯加生态科学中心(Alaska Ecoscience, AK) A.L. 科洛多夫(A.L. Kholodov),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校地球物理研究所(Geophysical Institute, UAF) R. 达嫩(R. Daanen),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方工程研究所(Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF) M. 卡涅夫斯基(M. Kanevskiy),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方工程研究所(Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF) Y. 舒尔(Y. Shur),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方工程研究所(Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF) J. 沃尔什(J. Walsh),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校国际北极研究中心(International Arctic Research Center, UAF) N. 弗雷斯科(N. Fresco),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校阿拉斯加规划情景网络、自然资源与农业科学学院(Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Sciences, UAF) S. 鲁普(S. Rupp),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校阿拉斯加规划情景网络、自然资源与农业科学学院(Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Sciences, UAF) K. 沃尔特-安东尼(K. Walter-Anthony),阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校水环境研究中心(Water Environmental Research Center, UAF) 国际合作人员 J. 克里斯滕森(J. Christensen),丹麦气象研究所(Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark) J. 科米索(J. Comiso),美国国家航空航天局(NASA)戈达德航天飞行中心海洋与冰分部(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Oceans and Ice Branch, USA) C.R. 杜盖伊(C.R. Duguay),加拿大滑铁卢大学(University of Waterloo, Canada) S. 弗罗尔金(S. Frolking),美国新罕布什尔大学地球、海洋与空间研究所(Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, USA) A. 乔治亚迪(A. Georgiadi),俄罗斯科学院莫斯科地理研究所(Moscow Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences) P. 格罗伊斯曼(P. Groisman),美国国家气候数据中心(National Climatic Data Center, USA) S. 哈谢姆(S. Hachem),加拿大魁北克拉瓦尔大学(Université Laval, Québec, Canada) H.-W. 哈伯滕(H.-W. Hubberten),德国波茨坦阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所(Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany) J. 哈登(J. Harden),美国地质调查局门洛帕克分部(US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA) V. 卡茨索夫(V. Kattsov),俄罗斯沃伊科夫主地球物理观测台(Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia) P. 库里(P. Kuhry),瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学(Stockholm University, Sweden) D. 劳伦斯(D. Lawrence),美国国家大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA) G. 马尔科娃(G. Malkova),俄罗斯地球冰冻圈研究所(Institute of Earth Cryosphere, Russia) T. 帕夫洛娃(T. Pavlova),俄罗斯沃伊科夫主地球物理观测台(Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia) M. 罗林斯(M. Rawlins),美国新罕布什尔大学(University of New Hampshire, USA) A. 林克(A. Rinke),德国波茨坦阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所(Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany) N. 罗曼诺夫斯基(N. Romanovskii),俄罗斯莫斯科国立大学(Moscow State University, Russia) K. 斋藤(K. Saito),日本海洋地球科学技术厅(Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology, Japan) N. 什克洛马诺夫(N. Shiklomanov),美国特拉华大学(University of Delaware, USA) A. 什克洛马诺夫(A. Shiklomanov),美国新罕布什尔大学(University of New Hampshire, USA) I.M. 什科尔尼克(I.M. Shkolnik),俄罗斯沃伊科夫主地球物理观测台(Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia) L. 希尔迈斯特(L. Schirrmeister),德国波茨坦阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所(Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany) A.G. 爱德华·舒尔(A.G. Edward Schuur),美国佛罗里达大学盖恩斯维尔分校(University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA) M. 施滕德尔(M. Stendel),丹麦气象研究所(Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark) D. 维瑟(D. Wisser),美国新罕布什尔大学地球、海洋与空间研究所(Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, USA) M. 热列兹尼亚克(M. Zheleznyak),俄罗斯梅利尼科夫冻土研究所(Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia) 资助信息 美国国家科学基金会(NSF)资助项目OPP ARC-0652838 [配套ARC-0520578与ARC-0632400] 美国国家航空航天局(NASA,项目编号NNOG6M48G)、阿拉斯加EPSCoR(由美国国家科学基金会资助) 阿拉斯加州政府 研究站点 多年冻土(permafrost)-淡水相互作用研究 阿拉斯加、加拿大、俄罗斯 多年冻土观测站:俄罗斯与中亚地区多年冻土热状态 多年冻土-淡水相互作用项目延续了此前多年冻土热状态(Thermal State of Permafrost, 简称TSP)项目的研究工作,并通过新增合作与拓展研究范围进一步推进。本项目聚焦并拓展了通过地球物理建模(geophysical modeling)与遥感(remote sensing,含卫星大地测量satellite geodesy)手段开展的多年冻土与水文变化研究。 在TSP项目期间,本团队与上述俄罗斯合作机构合作,已筛选出大量现有钻孔(borehole)以开展潜在测量工作(候选站点)。其中多数钻孔的元数据(metadata)可在国际冻土协会(IPA)协调的GTN-P网站获取。后续将有更多站点添加至该网站,并计划在未来数年内新增钻孔。 本研究从开展连续地热观测的可行性角度出发,共筛选出位于俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦与蒙古国的320个钻孔(详见附图)。这些钻孔涵盖了平原与山地的各类多年冻土,包括连续多年冻土至零星多年冻土。研究团队筛选出四类钻孔:活跃钻孔(近期已开展常规观测并计划持续观测的站点)、候选钻孔(可尽快安装长期观测设备的站点)、潜在钻孔(计划在本项目期间安装长期观测设备的站点)以及历史钻孔(已有相关观测数据但因各类原因目前无法开展观测的站点)。 为规范本项目框架内的所有研究工作,团队制定了《多年冻土钻孔温度数据监测与报告手册》,以实现观测数据的标准化采集、处理与解译。该规程提出两类观测策略: 1. 策略1:在具有区域代表性的少量关键钻孔中开展长期高频(每小时至每日)连续观测(注:此类高频观测建议覆盖15~20米深度); 2. 策略2:对其余可用的深层钻孔开展偶测或定期测量(若条件允许可每年开展一次或更频繁的测量)。 基于IPY-TSP项目的成本考量,本项目最低配置建议采用搭载TMC-HD温度传感器(temperature sensors TMC-HD)的HOBO U12四通道外部数据记录仪(data loggers)。同时,各参与方也可使用其他具有相似传感器性能的数据记录仪或热敏电缆(链)。 研究目标 本研究旨在深入理解欧亚大陆北部与阿拉斯加地区多年冻土温度及物理变化(如融区(talik)与活动层(active layer))的时间(年际与年代际尺度)与空间(南北向、东西向)变异特征及变化趋势,进而为21世纪的冻土变化预测提供更可靠的模拟能力。 本研究采用的数据源包括:全球多年冻土温度网络地面数据集、国际地面参考框架组织的全球定位系统站点数据,以及卫星反演的各类物理参数数据集,例如地表温度、重力场变化、河流径流与雪水当量(snow water equivalent)等。 本研究的模拟工作采用地球物理研究所冻土模型(Geophysical Institute Permafrost Models, 简称GIPL)与地球物理反演势场理论。
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2016-12-23
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