Glacier Mass Balance of Hallstaetter Glacier, Dachstein, Austria, from 2006/07-2009/10

Project: Glacier monitoring data of Austria - Glaciers are the most visible indicators of global change. Mass balance data allow the calculation of the past and current contributions of land ice to the sea level change. Additionally, glaciological data are used to reconstruct former climate states and complement other climate proxies for the holocene. Since the instrumental climate data are biased towards low altitudes, glacier data offer an archive of high mountain climate that is subject to strong gradients and improve our knowledge on climate to remote regions during the instrumental period. For the development of forward and inverse models, the understanding of the glacier-climate relation is essential. Thus the relationships between different types of glaciological data measured worldwide must be studied on benchmark glaciers, where all kinds of glacier and climate data are available. In Austria, glacier mass balance is measured at Goldbergkees, Hallstaetter Gletscher, Hintereisferner, Jamtalferner Kesselwandferner, Kleinfleisskees, Mullwitzkees, Pasterzenkees, Stubacher Sonnblickkees, Vernagtferner, and Wurtenkees. Records on glacier length are available from 1891, currently more than 100 glaciers are surveyed. Glacier inventory data is available for 1969, and 1998. The project homepages are located at e.g. http://imgi.uibk.ac.at and http://www.zamg.ac.at . Political ideas: European and Austrian laws include the obligation for the authorities to survey the hydrological parameters. Project funders for mass balanace Hintereisferner, Kesselwandferner, Jamtalferner, Hallstaetter Gletscher and Mullwitzkees and glacier length changes: Amt der Oberoesterreichischen Landesregierung Austrian Alpine Club Energie AG Hydrographischer Dienst der Abteilung Wasserwirtschaft des Amtes der Tiroler Landesregierung Nationalpark Hohe Tauern Kommission fuer Geophysikalische Forschungen der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Summary: The annual glacier mass balance of Hallstaetter Glacier in Dachstein area is measured since 1.10.2006 with the direct glaciological method in the fixed date system (1.10. to 30. 09. of the following year). The accumulation of snow is measured by determination of the water equivalent in 6 snow pits, the ice ablation is measured with 15 stakes drilled into the ice. Results are the annual net mass balance in kg, the total accumulation and ablation, the glacier area and the portions of the area which are subject to ablation and accumulation, the elevation of the equilibrium line and the specific mass balance in kg/m? (= mm w.e.). The accumulation during the winter is determined by the 1 May. The project homepage is located at http://imgi.uibk.ac.at . The project is funded by the Amt der Oberoesterreichischen Landesregierung and the Energie AG. The measurements are carried out by the Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics of the University of Innsbruck and the company Blue Sky in Gmunden, Austria.

项目：奥地利冰川监测数据集——冰川是全球变化最显著的直观表征指标。冰川物质平衡（glacier mass balance）数据可用于核算陆地冰过去与当前对海平面变化的贡献量。此外，冰川学数据可用于重建古气候状态，补充全新世（Holocene）的其他气候代用资料。由于器测气候数据多偏向低海拔区域，冰川数据可作为高海拔山区气候的档案载体——该区域气候梯度极强，能够帮助我们完善器测时期内偏远高山区的气候认知。
对于正演模型（forward model）与反演模型（inverse model）的研发而言，理解冰川-气候关联机制至关重要。因此，需在可获取全类型冰川与气候数据的基准冰川上，开展全球范围内观测的各类冰川学数据间的关联研究。
在奥地利，科研人员已在Goldbergkees、Hallstaetter Gletscher、Hintereisferner、Jamtalferner Kesselwandferner、Kleinfleisskees、Mullwitzkees、Pasterzenkees、Stubacher Sonnblickkees、Vernagtferner及Wurtenkees等10处冰川开展了冰川物质平衡观测。冰川长度监测记录始于1891年，当前已有超过100条冰川被纳入监测范围。冰川名录数据分别于1969年与1998年完成统计更新。
本项目的官方主页包括http://imgi.uibk.ac.at 与http://www.zamg.ac.at 。
政策依据：欧盟及奥地利相关法律规定，主管部门需开展水文参数监测工作。
针对Hintereisferner、Kesselwandferner、Jamtalferner、Hallstaetter Gletscher及Mullwitzkees的冰川物质平衡观测，以及冰川长度变化监测的资助方包括：上奥地利州政府（Amt der Oberoesterreichischen Landesregierung）、奥地利阿尔卑斯俱乐部、Energie AG、蒂罗尔州政府水利部门水文服务处（Hydrographischer Dienst der Abteilung Wasserwirtschaft des Amtes der Tiroler Landesregierung）、高陶恩国家公园（Nationalpark Hohe Tauern）、奥地利科学院地球物理研究委员会（Kommission fuer Geophysikalische Forschungen der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften）。
摘要：2006年10月1日起，科研人员采用固定日期系统（每年10月1日至次年9月30日）的直接冰川学方法，对达赫斯坦（Dachstein）区域的Hallstaetter Glacier开展年度冰川物质平衡观测。通过6个雪坑的雪层水当量（water equivalent）测定获取积雪积累量，通过15根打入冰体的测杆观测冰体消融量。最终产出的观测结果包括：以千克为单位的年度净物质平衡、总积累量与总消融量、冰川面积、消融区与积累区的面积占比、平衡线（equilibrium line）海拔，以及以kg/m²（即毫米水当量，mm w.e.）为单位的比物质平衡（specific mass balance）。冬季积累量以5月1日的测定结果为准。本项目的官方主页为http://imgi.uibk.ac.at ，由上奥地利州政府与Energie AG提供资助，观测工作由因斯布鲁克大学气象与地球物理研究所与奥地利格蒙登的Blue Sky公司共同完成。