Increased gut permeability with altered gut microbiota and fecal metabolome in rats with adriamycin-induced nephropathy

This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of adriamycin on gut permeability, gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in rats. Nephrotic syndrome rat model was established by a single intravenous injection of adriamycin. Serum, fecal samples and tissues were collected 6 weeks after adriamycin treatment. The ratio of lactulose to mannitol was measured for evaluating gut permeability. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed for identifying the compositional changes of gut microbiota. Fecal metabolome was analyzed by using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.